---------------------------------------------------------------------------- The Florida SunFlash S U N E R G Y E M A I L SunFLASH Vol 47 #16 November 1992 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- NEWSLETTER 6 November, 1992 Distributed by the Press Relations, Sun Microsystems Computer Corporation, A Sun Microsystems, Inc. Business; all rights reserved. Director of PR: Kay Hart; Sunergy Manager: Larry Lettieri; Managing Editor: Miyong Byun. Contact the Sunergy editors over email at: sunergy_information@Sun.COM. =========================================================================== = CONTENTS - ISSUE #6 = =========================================================================== ANNOUNCEMENTS *1* Upcoming Satellite Broadcast *2* Sunergy email Newsletters TECHNICAL TOPICS *3* Security in the Solaris Environment (White Paper) *4* "SunWorld" Magazine "Multiprocessing in Transition" SIG NEWS *5* SunNet Manager Users Group NEW PRODUCTS *6* SunExpress Announcement UPCOMING EVENTS *7* Tradeshow Calendar --------------------------------------------------------------------------- - ANNOUNCEMENTS - --------------------------------------------------------------------------- *********************************** *1* Upcoming Satellite Broadcast * *********************************** Sunergy(SM) announces the next satellite broadcast: "Object-Oriented Technologies" - A Live Interactive Satellite Broadcast When: December 2, 1992 9:00am - 10:15am PST* *show may run over to 10:30 to accommodate Q&A Availability: Sun(TM) customers in the U.S. and Canada with access to Ku and C Band satellite receive sites. Taped copies of the program will also be made available after the show. Technical Information: Phone, FAX or email for satellite coordinates and other technical information: Phone - Sunergy (415) 336-5847 Email - sunergy_information@Sun.COM FAX - Sunergy (415) 969-9131 OVERVIEW: Object-oriented programming promises enhanced productivity, higher-quality software, and faster time-to-market for software developers. These benefits are achieved through accelerated application development cycles, reduced debugging requirements, and extensive reuse of code. By modeling the actual environments in which users are operating, object-oriented technology systematically reduces the complexity of an application being designed. The purpose of this broadcast is to inform developers and technically oriented users about the capabilities and market status of object-oriented software technologies, with an emphasis on technologies that will be available from Sun. Participation from the viewing audience is strongly encouraged. Presenters: John Gage (Host) - Director of the Science Office, Sun Microsystems Computer Corporation Steve MacKay - Vice President of User Environment Software, SunSoft Peter Deutsch - SunFellow, Sun Microsystems Laboratories, Inc. Arvind Deogirikir - Manager Market Development CASE/AI, TIMD - Sun Microsystems Computer Corp. A listing of important object-oriented documents, available free from Sunergy, will also be presented. ********************************* *2* Sunergy email Newsletters * ********************************* Sunergy Newsletters will now be distributed bimonthly to the international Sun community in order to communicate better in a timely manner. Sunergy always welcome your comments/suggestions. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- - TECHNICAL TOPICS - --------------------------------------------------------------------------- ******************************************* *3* Security in the Solaris Environment * ******************************************* Security in the Solaris Environment Howard I. Solomon SunExpress, a Sun Microsystems, Inc. Business Summary: Security safeguards in the Solaris(R) environment are stronger than generally acknowledged. The most significant of these are the basic responsibilities of each individual user. A system superuser must administer a superset of these responsibilities to ensure a secure operating environment. A substantial suite of security features are bundled directly into Solaris, although most of them are not enabled in the default configuration. They include the features needed to meet government C2 security requirements, as well as the Data Encryption Standard (DES) for network-based authentication. The Sun SHIELD product family includes C2 security, the DES, secure Remote Procedure Call (RPC), Account Resource Management (ARM), and the Automated Security Enhancement Tool (ASET), which together provide a set of tools useful for security needs in most environments. For user with strict security requirements, SunOS CMW provides a labeled environment with secure X windows among its major features. Security is an important component of the Solaris 2.0 operating environment as well. In summary, Solaris- based systems can be configured to be secure enough to meet the needs of a wide variety of users. If you would like a copy of this white paper, please contact the Sunergy office. ************************************* *4* MULTIPROCESSING IN TRANSITION * ************************************* MULTIPROCESSING IN TRANSITION "How multithreading and multiprocessors will work hand-in-glove to improve application performance." By Gordon Spencer (adapted from SunWorld(TM) Magazine, September 1992) Computer technologists are pushing the functional performance of advanced systems forward on a variety of fronts, including increased networking bandwidth, faster and higher-capacity storage systems, and faster and more-powerful microprocessors. Over the last year, and continuing through 1993, new multiprocessing technologies also will emerge from labs and smaller market niches that will dramatically change mainstream advanced systems for developers and users. Recent advances in hardware and UNIX(R) operating environments have given greater prominence to multiprocessing in the SPARC(R) world, as well. Multiprocessing Basics Distributed and client-server computing, in which more than one computer on a network cooperates with computing tasks, is a new form of multiprocessing, often classified as "loosely coupled." For instance, C-Linda, pioneered at Yale and commercialized by several firms, including Torque Systems (Palo Alto, CA), Cogent (Beaverton, OR), VXM (Boston, MA), and Scientific Computing Associates (New Haven, CT), makes use of spare computing cycles in a network of conventional UNIX workstations to process jobs in parallel. While several workstation vendors are experimenting with Linda technology, IBM(R) (Armonk, NY) is said to be using C-Linda extensively for its RS/6000 clustering strategy, although IBM has not announced a specific date for the release of RS/6000 clusters. Generally, though, multiprocessing refers to "tightly coupled" systems in which two or more CPUs coexist and cooperate within one computer. Distributed-memory multiprocessing systems allocate discrete memory resources to each processor in a system -- a design typical of massively parallel systems, such as those from nCube (Foster City, CA) or Wavetracer (Acton, MA). Tightly coupled, distributed-memory multiprocessing systems typically do specialized tasks, such as scientific visualization. Tightly coupled, shared-memory multiprocessing systems, in which more than one CPU has access to the same system memory, are better suited for general-purpose computing. Tightly coupled, shared-memory, asymmetric multiprocessing (ASMP) systems, in which a master CPU allocates tasks and system resources to one or more slaves, have been available in the UNIX world for some time. Easy to implement except for specialized systems (see sidebar "Asymmetrical vs. Symmetrical," following), ASMP typically results in only moderate performance gains, due principally to I/O bottlenecks. Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) systems, in which all the processors have equal access to the kernel, memory, and I/O devices, generally perform better than ASMP systems but are harder to implement. That is why multiprocessor workstation manufacturers generally have started with ASMP systems and are now moving to SMP implementations (see sidebar "UNIX MP players," following). Alone, general-purpose multiprocessing hardware improves performance. But the key to significant improvements to performance through multiprocessing is refining the level of parallelism implemented in the operating system, its major subsystems, and in application software. The ability to execute concurrently small segments of operating system or application functions, without significantly increasing execution overhead, provides greater performance and throughput. Multithreading UNIX operating systems developers, such as Sun, UNIX Systems Labs (Summit, NJ), and UNIX International (Parsippany, NJ), as well as OSF (Cambridge, MA) and its members, are creating multithreaded operating systems and tools to enable developers to write multithreaded applications. Multithreading provides a coherent design to replace older facilities that have been used to coerce concurrency within UNIX systems. Unlike monolithic operating systems, such as VMS(R) from Digital (Maynard, MA), UNIX systems have always pursued a modular computing philosophy. The system commands *fork()* and *exec()* implement one aspect of modular processing. A parent process "forks" a copy of itself to do a particular task. The duplicate process, or "child," then does an *exec()*, to assume its own identity. The completed child process finally returns its results and control to the parent process, which continues on to the next processing module. Modular processing lets developers write and debug small, focused code segments, rather than large, monolithic processes that live through many different computational stages. Pipes, for example, rely upon this unique UNIX philosophy for their functionality. As multiprocessing capabilities emerged, some developers began to use fork() as a way to spawn simultaneously executing processes. Where a parent process does not need to await the results of a child process, it can *fork()* and *exec()* and then immediately continue. Asynchronous I/O and asynchronous RPCs are additional examples of attempts to gain concurrency within UNIX. The problem with these mechanisms is they carry, comparatively, much overhead and reduce the benefits of adding parallelism. Kernel threads UNIX computing is divided between user processes and the operating system kernel. Each user process has its own virtual address space. The kernel manages virtual memory, device-independent I/O, and scheduling for the user processes. User processes access needed OS kernel services through system library calls. A traditional UNIX process has a single control "thread" -- the series of instructions, or flow of execution, within a program. A thread has a program counter and a stack to keep track of local variables and return addresses. Multithreaded systems let processes have more than one thread of control. Threads may execute independently but share the process instructions, most process data, and most of the operating system state information for the process. In a multiprocessor system, a single process can be executed concurrently on more than one processor, without duplication and management of the full overhead of a process. Multithreading is included in the latest UNIX kernel (SVR4), and consequently in SunSoft(TM)'s Solaris 2.0. All the major operating subsystems, such as system calls, file systems, and Streams, are parallelized also. A multithreaded kernel executes more efficiently than its unifilar counterparts and provides a foundation for multithreaded applications. Explicitly modifying the application layer for multiprocessing will enhance performance. User threads "Pthreads" (user-level threads) is a programming interface that lets developers explicitly build greater parallelism into their applications. For example, a database may be restructured to have many user interactions, file, and network operations simultaneously active with separate threads. The windowing system could interact with an application's GUI, using a separate thread for each widget. The "P" in Pthreads may stand for Posix, process, programmer, or nothing -- opinions vary. Despite the jargon, the Pthreads library lets developers build multithread applications by explicitly creating and manipulating threads within a process. Thread interface functions let a developer create and exit from a thread; set thread ID, concurrency, priority, and suspend and restart a thread; and to manage synchronization variables and locks. Splitting a process into multiple threads places additional responsibility on developers. Because threads share so much process-state information, they can affect each other in surprising ways. For example, because threads share file descriptors, if a thread closes a file it is closed for all threads. One thread can change the seek position of a drive head before another thread does a read or write. Multiple threads may manipulate shared address space simultaneously. Pthread implementations are shipping in the OSF world and are in early-access "stage two" to UI members. While SunSoft will not comment, compiler vendors, including SunPro(TM), are also known to be working on supporting technology for Sun's Pthread library. The Posix Pthread 1003.4a draft standard is now at level six. The most optimistic estimate for the completion of the standard is six months, with most estimates for one year. While some ambiguities in the draft may cause incompatibilities between OSF and Sun's Pthread implementations, and future clarifications may dictate changes, Sun and OSF say the core issues are well understood and stable. For kernel developers who considered the OPEN LOOK(R) vs. Motif battle simply cosmetic, and were disappointed that no blood will be shed over ONC(TM) vs. DCE, get ready for single-level vs. dual-level thread models. SunSoft engineers argue they have significantly advanced the efficiency of multithreading by placing "lightweight" processes (LWP) as an interface between a thread and the kernel (a dual-level model). OSF engineers claim they and the Posix draft standard consider LWPs and threads to be the same thing (a single-level model). SunSoft said the Posix committee is impressed with its dual-level model and many are convinced of its superiority. LWP in this context has nothing to do with what Sun developers have known as the LWP library -- old name, completely new meaning. The LWP library was a set of services a process could use, but lacked underlying concurrency, and it executed with no knowledge of the kernel. LWP in this new context is the thread interface to the kernel, not an exported interface to which a developer can write. Because application developers do not code to LWPs but to the Pthreads interface, this might be engineering trivia except for the fact that SunSoft engineers argue their dual-level model produces a far smaller demand for kernel resources, and thus much lower program overhead. In a single-level model, they say, every time a thread is created, the kernel knows about it and must manage its context and state information. The more threads, the more kernel resources are used. Since only 2 to 10 percent of threads actively require kernel resources at any given moment, SunSoft engineers reason, much overhead is created by threads that are blocked or waiting to execute. In the SunSoft dual-level model, threads are not known directly by the kernel but use LWPs to gain kernel resources. Developers don't have to worry about creating too many threads because each is just an address sitting in virtual memory, unknown to the kernel, until it is ready to run, when an LWP then binds to the thread to provide kernel access. SunSoft and USL both confirm that SunSoft is the source of the Pthreads used in SVR4 ES/MP, so this model, if valid and significant, distinguishes the OSF and UI worlds. Mercifully for developers, the Pthreads interface is the same in either case. Any incompatibilities that may exist should be eliminated as the Pthreads draft advances through the standards process. Applications and Benefits Workstations or servers reap tremendous benefits from multiprocessing, right out of the box. But the nature of those benefits will change as Solaris 2.0 and OSF 1.1 finally arrive at customer sites. It will change even more when software vendors have had time to understand Pthreads and begin to release a new generation of explicitly multithreaded applications. There is an important distinction to be made between performance and throughput. Generally, until applications are modified, the performance of any given process will not be better on a multiprocessor vs. a uniprocessor system. Throughput, however, should be much better because many applications would run concurrently. A single application, for example, running alone on a multiprocessor system, will benefit from the improved efficiency of the multithreaded kernel and parallelized subsystems. Whenever the application forks another process, the child can be managed by a separate processor and run concurrently. Multithreading applications, when Pthreads are in the hands of developers who have the tools, should dramatically improve application performance on multiprocessor systems, and offer some benefit on uniprocessor workstations. A multithread GUI is a good example. The elements in an application's GUI can be threaded separately, so that if a button starts an activity that requires several seconds, control can be immediately released to another GUI element, rather than blocking activity until the button- invoked action is complete. Because the amount of overhead maintained to swap out a thread is so much less than that for a process, running such an application even on a single-processor workstation would provide a net gain in performance. Multiprocessing Prospects Owners of Sun's 600MP SPARCservers(TM) and prospective buyers of SPARCstation(TM) 10s will need to navigate carefully through the Solaris operating system transition. Solaris 1.0.1 (with SunOS(TM) 4.1.2) does not support SMP for the 600MP and does not support the new SuperSPARC chip from TI. The multiprocessing support of Solaris 2.0 (with SunOS 5.0) probably will lag three to six months behind the release of Solaris 2.0 for single-processor systems. SMCC has officially announced it will ship Solaris 1.1 (with SunOS 4.1.3) in August 1992 for the 600MP and SPARCstation/server 10 line. The Solaris 1.1 upgrade has multiprocessor support for the current Cypress SPARC chip and will work with single- processor configurations that contain the new TI SuperSPARC chip. Solaris 2.0, with full SMP, most likely will be shipped by SMCC late this year or early in 1993. Solbourne estimates it will have SMP Solaris 2.0 available in the first quarter of 1993. While the production version of Solaris 2.0 with SMP is making its way to market, key software vendors and some particularly important customer sites may begin to see early-access versions of Solaris with SunSoft's Pthreads package. Sun would not confirm this. Nor would Sun suggest what "son of Solaris 2.0" will be called. Pthreads support will require more than simply adding a library that lets developers create threads, synchronization primitives, mutex locks, and so on. All the familiar C libraries, from libc, to sockets and I/O calls have to be replaced with versions that are reentrant. SunSoft engineers have suggested that creating these new libraries is far more work than writing the threads package. Rather than simply inserting locks into the libraries to keep independent threads from stepping on something, SunSoft said it was taking the opportunity to rewrite routines to enhance their utility in multithreaded applications. An example is in RPC. SunSoft said they could make it "MT-safe" simply by requiring that only one thread can call the library at a time. By redesigning RPC routines, however, they made it "MT-hot" -- threads can concurrently make remote procedure calls on the network. Think Parallel Multiprocessing technology has advanced to the level where mainstream application developers will soon need to master effective parallelism in applications. Many will find this difficult. While parallel constructs are not new, the tools and the methods are. A "thread-aware" debugger will be an essential tool for developers. For a multithreaded application, if you set a break or watch point with a traditional debugger, parallel code will continue running, providing little helpful information. According to USL, a thread-aware debugger called DWARF is shipping with the early access SVR4 ES/MP. SunPro has pledged it will provide a thread-aware debugger when Sun is ready to release Pthreads. Compiler designs also need to be enhanced to make the job of parallelizing an application easier. Current tools for creating parallel C programs on Suns are a heartfelt pat on the back -- there are no tools, yet. SunPro and other compiler vendors will be attempting to match or exceed the capabilities provided by Silicon Graphics, Inc. (Mountain View, CA). Since SGI has been shipping SMP for years with user-visible threads, the company has C compilers that automatically attempt to identify code segments that can be parallelized. They also accept developer directives to make code segments parallel. Directives are statements, manually added to the source file, which tell the compiler a particular chunk of code follows all the rules, is not dependent on other program elements, and should be parallelized by the compiler. Directives eliminate the need for compilers to make inherently difficult decisions about what can and cannot be made parallel. With directives, the compiler simply accepts the judgment of the developer and treats the code segments as truly independent. Current technology, attempting to automatically detect code segments that can be made parallel, produces extremely conservative choices. Advanced parallelizing C compilers are not on the immediate horizon. The mechanics of how for creating parallelism in applications is much better understood than is the skill of intuitively recognizing what should and should not be parallelized. [Gordon Spencer is a writer and consultant based in Chicago, IL. He can be reached at gspencer@sunworld.com.] Sidebar 1: Asymmetrical vs. Symmetrical The primary distinction between ASMP and SMP is whether each processor is equally capable. In a typical asymmetric system, one processor is the master CPU. It runs the operating system kernel, accesses disks, and distributes tasks among the other, slave processors. ASMP designs let several computing tasks run in parallel on the various processors, as assigned by the master CPU. Auspex Systems manufactures a multiprocessing server that attempts to exploit fully ASMP architecture by incorporating hardware subsystems to satisfy discrete computing tasks. Its multiprocessor systems, which contain up to 96 megabytes of I/O cache memory, are Network File System (NFS(R) servers. Auspex's latest ASMP design has a SPARC or Motorola(R) CPU that runs the UNIX kernel, and one to four 40-MHz 68030 processors dedicated to Ethernet tasks, one or two 40-MHz 68030 processors dedicated to file processing, and one to three 20-MHz 68020 processors, each with 1 megabyte of write-cache memory, dedicated to storage processing. Although easier to implement, general-purpose ASMP designs typically result in only moderate performance gains, because when performing general computing work, especially I/O intensive tasks, the ASMP master CPU can become bogged down with its management tasks and let slave CPUs sit idle. SMP overcomes the limitations of general-purpose asymmetric processing by giving all processors equal access to the kernel, memory, and I/O devices. A fully symmetric system can execute any function, on any processor, at any time. Except for companies manufacturing specialized systems such as Auspex's NFS server, most firms that have built ASMP computers have treated them as intermediate steps toward achieving symmetric multiprocessing. Sidebar 2: Unix MP Players Shared-memory multiprocessing technology is not new. By the late 1980s, several vendors where shipping MP hardware. The 3090 mainframe from IBM, VAX(R) 6000 systems from Digital, and systems from Sequent Computers have multiple processors and have been commercially available for some time. In the workstation world, Silicon Graphics, Inc. has been shipping a multithreaded, symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) system, with a user- visible threads library package, since late 1988. Solbourne Computer has shipped a SPARC-based multiprocessor system for several years, first as an asymmetric multiprocessor system (ASMP) and then, for over a year, as an SMP implementation of SunOS 4.1.x. ICL and Twinhead recently shipped SPARC-based SMP-capable systems. When Sun Microsystems Computer Corp. announced its line of multiprocessing servers in the latter half of 1991, it became clear to many analysts and users that it would still be some time before the requisite multiprocessing-enabling software would be in place to tap its full capabilities: The 600MP SPARCservers are SMP-ready but currently function asymmetrically because SMCC's SMP-enabling software in Solaris 2.0 has yet to be released. The recently announced and soon to be shipping SPARCstation 10 also may be hampered by these circumstances. In 1990 the Open Systems Foundation released the OSF/1 operating system containing SMP with a multithreaded kernel, with an early implementation of Pthreads, or user-visible threads. OSF/1 1.1, announced in late June, updated Pthreads to the evolving Posix 1003.4a draft standard. Digital has shipped a full implementation of OSF/1 for its Mips-based workstations. IBM has an OSF/1-based AIX for its mainframe but not for its RS/6000 workstations. Hewlett-Packard appears ready to incorporate a portion of OSF/1, but not the multithreaded SMP kernel. UNIX International and USL, with SVR4 MP, began shipping a multithreaded SMP operating system in 1991. It is with this base that Sun has merged to produce SunOS 5.0, which is bundled with the Open Network Computing (ONC) environment, the OpenWindows(TM) GUI, and DeskSet(TM) 3.0 productivity toolset under the Solaris 2.0 label. USL has provided UI members with an early-access version of SVR4 ES/MP, and UI has released it to member companies. ES/MP is the follow-on version to SVR4 MP, and includes Pthreads technology developed by SunSoft. The first early access release of ES/MP was December 1991, the second was June 1992, and the third is slated for December. The final release is targeted for the middle of 1993. Copyright 1992 SunWorld Magazine; distributed with permission. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- - SIG NEWS - --------------------------------------------------------------------------- ********************************* *5* SunNet Manager Users Group * ********************************* >From Phil Little 0005444900@mcimail.com First National SunNet(TM) Manager Users Group Formed CONTACT: Regina Freeman/Philip Little The Bohle Company (310) 785-0515 TORRANCE, Calif. -- The first national SunNet Manager Users Group (SnMUG) has been formed. The Users Group is a forum for SunNet Manager users and application developers to exchange advice and ideas on all aspects of using the SunNet Manager platform. SnMUG's first meeting took place during the INTEROP '92 FALL tradeshow at Moscone Center in San Francisco. DeskTalk Systems, Inc., a leading network systems integrator, founded the group, which is open to all SunNet Manager users and application developers. DeskTalk envisions that the group will: Present real-world usage of SunNet Manager and associated applications; Exchange information, such as product reviews and tips for better network management through SunNet Manager; and Band together to suggest enhancements and future product features to the SunNet Manager platform and to third-party applications. For more information about SunNet Manager Users Group, call (310) 323-5998 ext. 510 or via Internet at SnMUG@desktalk.com. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- - NEW PRODUCTS - --------------------------------------------------------------------------- ****************************** *6* SunExpress Announcement * ****************************** Check your mailbox! These new, value-packed promotions feature Sun and third-party products at everyday low SunExpress(TM) prices, with fast ordering and delivery in 5 days or less. If you haven't received any of the mailings by November 20th and would like to, call SunExpress toll- free at 800-USE-SUNX (800-873-7869). We're open weekdays from 9am to 8pm ET to help you choose the right products for your SPARC, Solaris, and UNIX environment. SELF-PACED EDUCATION CATALOG A new mini-catalog featuring Sun Educational Services self-paced training products such as SunTutor, Object Oriented Programming in C++, the Fundamentals of SunOS -- more than 25 courses and books that give you comprehensive, cost-efficient training whenever you need it. And if you order by December 31, 1992, you'll save 10% off your self-study courses -- no matter how many courses you buy! This promotion is available exclusively through SunExpress. NEW PRODUCTS SAMPLER If we put all of our our new products in this piece, we'd have to deliver it with a forklift. Luckily for you and your postal carrier, this is a small sampler of the exciting new products we've added since our last catalog. You'll find Sun and third party products like the new color-display SPARCbook TFT, Wyse terminals, multimedia, great new software, storage, PC and enterprise connectivity, the NeWSprinter 20, and more good stuff. And, we're going to give you all the excuses in the world to order from SunExpress. When you order by 12/25/92, and mention this mailer's code number, we'll send you a free gift (while supplies last). Promotion available exclusively through SunExpress. SPARCbook TFT The newest addition to the SPARCbook 1 product line, SPARCbook TFT features a new screen technology -- the color active matrix Thin Film Technology LCD. Now you can get image clarity comparable to desktop displays even under the harshest lighting conditions. The SPARCbook TFT also features workstation-class hard disk capacity -- up to 350MB of internal formatted disk space. ShowMe from SunSolutions ShowMe, the intuitive conference tool from SunSolutions(TM), is a powerful yet easy-to-use shared whiteboard application. In fact, ShowMe may be the easiest to use SPARC application you have every encountered. With user friendly annotation tools and continuous window-view of each conference participant's actions, after only a few minute orientation, you will be able to lead an effective interactive ShowMe conference. Call 800-USE-SUNX for more information or a free demo disk. SunPC SunPC(TM) from SunSelect(TM) serves up PC applications on your SPARC workstation. SunPC runs thousands of programs through your OPEN LOOK menu. Run MS-DOS(R) and Microsoft(R) Windows applications on your SPARC workstations; share information with other users -- and satisfy your appetite for computing power with an accelerator option for 16MHz 486 or 25MHz 486DX PCs. And for super-fast gratification -- and competitive prices -- order SunPC through SunExpress. Take advantage of these valuable, limited-time offers. If you haven't received information in your mail by November 20th and would like to, call 800-USE-SUNX. And get the best product and service under the Sun. If you have suggestions for new products, we want to hear from you. E-mail your comments to Sunexpress@sun.com. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- - UPCOMING EVENTS - --------------------------------------------------------------------------- ************************** *7* Tradeshow Calendar * ************************** Although Sun does not participate in all of the following shows, we present this comprehensive list of computer industry tradeshows for your planning purposes. If you know of other shows or events that would be of interest to our readers, please send your suggestions to the Sunergy staff (see the top banner of this newsletter for an email address). SHOW DATES (92) SHOW NAME LOCATION November 10-12 AUTOFACT Detroit, MI November 11-13 UNIFORUM Stockholm, Sweden November 16-20 COMDEX Las Vegas, NV November 16-17 SUNWORLD EXPO/EUUG Wiesbaden, Germany November 25-27 EUROPEN/UNIFORUM Utrecht, Netherlands December 9-11 UNIX FAIR '92 Tokyo, Japan ************************************************************************** If you'd like to join Sunergy, simply fill out and return the attached sign-up form. --------------------------------cut here---------------------------------- *****SUNERGY SIGN-UP FORM***** NAME:__________________________________________________________ Title:__________________________________________________________ COMPANY:__________________________________________________________ ADDRESS:__________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ CITY:__________________ STATE:_______ ZIP/POSTAL CODE__________ COUNTRY:___________________________ PHONE:___________________________ FAX:_________________________ E-MAIL:___________________________ RETURN COMPLETED FORM TO: Sun Microsystems Computer Corporation Attn: Sunergy Support Center 2550 Garcia Avenue, M/S PAL1-505 Mountain View, CA 94043-1100 sunergy_information@Sun.COM 415/336-5847 ======================================================================== c 1992 Sun Microsystems, Inc. Sun, Sun Microsystems, Solaris, SunSoft, SunOS, SunWorld, SunPro, SunExpress, SunNet, SunPC, SunSelect, SunSolutions, DeskSet, NFS, ONC, and OpenWindows are trademarks or registered trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. Sunergy is a service trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc. All SPARC trademarks, including the SCD Compliant logo, are trademarks or registered trademarks of SPARC International, Inc. SPARCstation is licensed exclusively to Sun Microsystems, Inc. Products bearing SPARC trademarks are based upon an architecture developed by Sun Microsystems, Inc. UNIX and OPEN LOOK are registered trademarks of UNIX System Laboratories, Inc. IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines Corporation. VMS and VAX are registered trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation. Motorola is a registered trademark of Motorola, Inc. Microsoft and MS- DOS are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. All other product or service names mentioned herein are trademarks of their respective owners. ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ For information send mail to info-sunflash@sunvice.East.Sun.COM. Subscription requests should be sent to sunflash-request@sunvice.East.Sun.COM. Archives are on solar.nova.edu, paris.cs.miami.edu, uunet.uu.net, src.doc.ic.ac.uk and ftp.adelaide.edu.au All prices, availability, and other statements relating to Sun or third party products are valid in the U.S. only. Please contact your local Sales Representative for details of pricing and product availability in your region. Descriptions of, or references to products or publications within SunFlash does not imply an endorsement of that product or publication by Sun Microsystems. John McLaughlin, SunFlash editor, flash@sunvice.East.Sun.COM. (305) 776-7770. TRACE: To: sunflash@suntri Errors-to: owner-sunflash@suntri.east.sun.com