Speermint Working Group R. Penno Internet Draft Juniper Networks Intended status: Informational D. Malas Expires: September 2008 CableLabs S. Khan Comcast A. Uzelac Global Crossing M. Hammer Cisco Systems May 2, 2008 SPEERMINT Peering Architecture draft-ietf-speermint-architecture-06 Status of this Memo By submitting this Internet-Draft, each author represents that any applicable patent or other IPR claims of which he or she is aware have been or will be disclosed, and any of which he or she becomes aware will be disclosed, in accordance with Section 6 of BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet- Drafts. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html This Internet-Draft will expire on January 2008. Copyright Notice Copyright (C) The IETF Trust (2008). Abstract This document defines the SPEERMINT peering architecture, its functional components and peering interface functions. It also Penno Expires November 2, 2008 [Page 1] Internet-Draft SPEERMINT peering architecture May 2008 describes the steps taken to establish a session between two peering domains in the context of the functions defined. Conventions used in this document The key words "must", "must NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "should", "should NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC-2119[1] Table of Contents 1. Introduction...................................................3 2. Network Context................................................3 3. Procedures.....................................................6 4. Reference SPEERMINT Architecture...............................6 5. Recommended SSP Procedures.....................................8 5.1. Originating SSP Procedures................................8 5.1.1. The Look-Up Function (LUF)...........................8 5.1.1.1. Target address analysis.........................8 5.1.1.2. User ENUM Lookup................................9 5.1.1.3. Infrastructure ENUM lookup......................9 5.1.2. Location Routing Function (LRF).....................10 5.1.2.1. Routing Table..................................10 5.1.2.2. SIP DNS Resolution.............................10 5.1.2.3. SIP Redirect Server............................11 5.1.3. The Signaling Function (SF).........................11 5.1.3.1. Establishing a Trusted Relationship............11 5.1.3.2. Sending the SIP request........................12 5.2. Terminating SSP Procedures...............................12 5.2.1. The Location Function (LF)..........................12 5.2.1.1. Publish ENUM records...........................12 5.2.1.2. Publish SIP DNS records........................13 5.2.1.3. Subscribe Notify...............................13 5.2.2. Signaling Function (SF).............................13 5.2.2.1. TLS............................................13 5.2.2.2. Receive SIP requests...........................13 5.3. Target SSP Procedures....................................14 5.3.1. Signaling Function (SF).............................14 5.3.1.1. TLS............................................14 5.3.1.2. Receive SIP requests...........................14 5.4. Media Function (MF)......................................14 5.5. Policy Considerations....................................14 6. Call Control and Media Control Deployment Options.............15 7. Address space considerations..................................17 8. Security Considerations.......................................17 9. IANA Considerations...........................................17 Penno Expires November 2, 2008 [Page 2] Internet-Draft SPEERMINT peering architecture May 2008 10. Acknowledgments..............................................17 11. References...................................................18 11.1. Normative References....................................18 11.2. Informative References..................................19 Author's Addresses...............................................20 Intellectual Property Statement..................................20 Disclaimer of Validity...........................................21 1. Introduction The objective of this document is to define a reference peering architecture in the context of Session PEERing for Multimedia INTerconnect (SPEERMINT). In this process, we define the peering reference architecture (reference, for short), it's functional components, and peering interface functions from the perspective of a SIP Service provider's (SSP) network. This architecture allows the interconnection of two SSPs in layer 5 peering as defined in the SPEERMINT Requirements [13] and Terminology [12] documents. Layer 3 peering is outside the scope of this document. Hence, the figures in this document do not show routers so that the focus is on Layer 5 protocol aspects. This document uses terminology defined in the SPEERMINT Terminology document [12], so the reader should be familiar with all the terms defined there. 2. Network Context Figure 1 shows an example network context. Two SSPs can form a Layer 5 peering over either the public Internet or private Layer3 networks. In addition, two or more providers may form a SIP (Layer 5) federation [13] on either the public Internet or private Layer 3 networks. This document does not make any assumption whether the SIP providers directly peer to each other or through Layer 3 transit network as per use case of [16]. Note that Figure 1 allows for the following potential SPEERMINT peering scenarios: o Enterprise to Enterprise across the public Internet o Enterprise to SSP across the public Internet Penno Expires November 2, 2008 [Page 3] Internet-Draft SPEERMINT peering architecture May 2008 o SSP to SSP across the public Internet o Enterprise to enterprise across a private Layer 3 network o Enterprise to SSP across a private Layer 3 network o SSP to SSP across a private Layer 3 network The members of a federation may jointly use a set of functions such as location function, signaling function, media function, ENUM database or SIP Registrar, SIP proxies, and/or functions that synthesize various SIP and non-SIP based applications. Similarly, two SSPs may jointly use a set of functions. The functions can be either public or private. Penno Expires November 2, 2008 [Page 4] Internet-Draft SPEERMINT peering architecture May 2008 +-------------------+ | | | Public | | SIP | | Peering | | | +-------------------+ | ----- +-----------+ / \ +-----------+ |Enterprise | -- -- |Enterprise | |Provider A |-----------/ \-----------|Provider B | +-----------+ -- -- +-----------+ / Public \ | Internet | \ (Layer 3) / +-----------+ -- -- +-----------+ | SSP C |-----------\ /-----------| SSP D | | | -- -- | | +-----------+ \_____/ +-----------+ | Layer 3 Peering | Point (out of scope) ----- +-----------+ / \ +-----------+ |Enterprise | -- -- |Enterprise | |Provider E |-----------/ \-----------|Provider F | +-----------+ -- Private -- +-----------+ / Network \ | (Layer 3) | \ / +-----------+ -- -- +-----------+ | SSP G |-----------\ /-----------| SSP H | | | -- -- | | +-----------+ \____/ +-----------+ | +-------------------+ | Private | | SIP | | Peering | | | +-------------------+ Figure 1: SPEERMINT Network Context Penno Expires November 2, 2008 [Page 5] Internet-Draft SPEERMINT peering architecture May 2008 3. Procedures This document assumes that in order for call to be establish from a UAC end user in the initiating peer's network to a UAS in the receiving peer's network the following steps are taken: 1. The analysis of the target address. . If the target address represents an intra-SSP resource, the behavior is out-of-scope with respect to this draft. 2. the determination of the target SSP, 3. the determination of the SF next-hop in the target SSP, 4. the enforcement of authentication and potentially other policies, 5. the determination of the UAS, 6. the session establishment, 7. the transfer of media which could include voice, video, text and others, 8. and the session termination. The originating SSP would likely perform steps 1-4, and the terminating SSP would likely perform steps 4-5. In the case the target SSP is different from the terminating SSP it would repeat steps 1-4. This is reflected in Figure 2 that shows the target SSP with its own peering functions. 4. Reference SPEERMINT Architecture Figure 2 depicts the SPEERMINT architecture and logical functions that form the peering between two SSPs. Penno Expires November 2, 2008 [Page 6] Internet-Draft SPEERMINT peering architecture May 2008 +------+ | DNS, | +---------->| Db, |<---------+ | | etc | | | +------+ | | | ------|-------- -------|------- / v \ / v \ | +--LUF-+ | | +--LUF-+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +------+ | | +------+ | | | | | | +--LRF-+ | | +--LRF-+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +------+ | | +------+ | | | | | | | | | | +---SF--+ +---SF--+ | | | | | | | | | SBE | | SBE | | | Originating | | | | Target | | +---SF--+ +---SF--+ | | SSP | | SSP | | +---MF--+ +---MF--+ | | | | | | | | | DBE | | DBE | | | | | | | | | +---MF--+ +---MF--+ | \ / \ / --------------- --------------- Figure 2: Reference SPEERMINT Architecture The procedures presented in section 3 are implemented by a set of peering functions: The Look-Up Function (LUF) provides a mechanism for determining for a given request the target domain to which the request should be routed. The Location Routing Function (LRF) determines for the target domain of a given request the location of the SF in that domain and Penno Expires November 2, 2008 [Page 7] Internet-Draft SPEERMINT peering architecture May 2008 optionally develops other Session Establishment Data (SED) required to route the request to that domain. Signaling Function (SF): Purpose is to perform SIP call routing, to optionally perform termination and re-initiation of call, to optionally implement security and policies on SIP messages, and to assist in discovery/exchange of parameters to be used by the Media Function (MF). Media Function (MF): Purpose is to perform media related function such as media transcoding and media security implementation between two SIP providers. The intention of defining these functions is to provide a framework for design segmentation and allow each one to evolve independently. 5. Recommended SSP Procedures This section describes the functions in more detail and provides some recommendations on the role they would play in a SIP call in a Layer 5 peering scenario. Some of the information in the chapter is taken from [14] and is put here for continuity purposes. 5.1. Originating SSP Procedures 5.1.1. The Look-Up Function (LUF) Purpose is to determine the SF of the target domain of a given request and optionally develop Session Establishment Data (SED) [12]. 5.1.1.1. Target address analysis When the initiating SSP receives a request to communicate, it analyzes the target URI to determine whether the call needs to be terminated internally or externally to its network. The analysis method is internal to the SSP; thus, outside the scope of SPEERMINT. Note that the SSP is free to consult any manner of private data sources to make this determination. If the target address does not represent a resource inside the initiating SSP's administrative domain or federation of domains, the initiating SSP resolves the call routing data by using the Location Routing Function (LRF). Penno Expires November 2, 2008 [Page 8] Internet-Draft SPEERMINT peering architecture May 2008 For example, if the request to communicate is for an im: or pres: URI type, the initiating peer follows the procedures in [8]. If the highest priority supported URI scheme is sip: or sips:, the initiating peer skips to SIP DNS resolution in Section 5.1.3. Likewise, if the target address is already a sip: or sips: URI in an external domain, the initiating peer skips to SIP DNS resolution in Section 5.1.2.2. If the target address corresponds to a specific E.164 address, the peer may need to perform some form of number plan mapping according to local policy. For example, in the United States, a dial string beginning "011 44" could be converted to "+44", or in the United Kingdom "00 1" could be converted to "+1". Once the peer has an E.164 address, it can use ENUM. 5.1.1.2. User ENUM Lookup If an external E.164 address is the target, the initiating peer consults the public "User ENUM" rooted at e164.arpa, according to the procedures described in RFC 3761. The peer must query for the "E2U+sip" enumservice as described in RFC 3764 [11], but MAY check for other enumservices. The initiating peer MAY consult a cache or alternate representation of the ENUM data rather than actual DNS queries. Also, the peer may skip actual DNS queries if the initiating peer is sure that the target address country code is not represented in e164.arpa. If a sip: or sips: URI is chosen the peer skips to Section 5.1.6. If an im: or pres: URI is retrieved based on an "E2U+im" [10] or "E2U+pres" [9] enumserver, the peer follows the procedures for resolving these URIs to URIs for specific protocols such a SIP or XMPP as described in the previous section. 5.1.1.3. Infrastructure ENUM lookup Next the initiating peer checks for a carrier-of-record in a carrier ENUM domain according to the procedures described in [12]. As in the previous step, the peer may consult a cache or alternate representation of the ENUM data in lieu of actual DNS queries. The peer first checks for records for the "E2U+sip" enumservice, then for the "E2U+pstn" enumservice as defined in [21]. If a terminal record is found with a sip: or sips: URI, the peer skips to Section 5.1.2.2. , otherwise the peer continues processing according to the next section. Penno Expires November 2, 2008 [Page 9] Internet-Draft SPEERMINT peering architecture May 2008 5.1.2. Location Routing Function (LRF) The LRF of an Initiating SSP analyzes target address and discovers the next hop signaling function (SF) in a peering relationship. The resource to determine the SF of the target domain might be provided by a third-party as in the assisted-peering case. 5.1.2.1. Routing Table If there is no user ENUM records and the initiating peer cannot discover the carrier-of-record or if the initiating peer cannot reach the carrier-of-record via SIP peering, the initiating peer still needs to deliver the call to the PSTN or reject it. Note that the initiating peer may still forward the call to another SSP for PSTN gateway termination by prior arrangement using the routing table. If so, the initiating peer may rewrite the Request-URI to address the gateway resource in the target SSP's domain and may forward the request on to that SSP using the procedures described in the remainder of these steps. Alternatively to Request-URI re-writing, the initiating peer may populate the Route header with the address of the gateway resource in the target SSP's domain and forward the request on to that SSP using the procedures described in the remainder of these steps, but applied to the Route header. 5.1.2.2. SIP DNS Resolution Once a sip: or sips: in an external domain is selected as the target, the initiating peer may apply local policy to decide whether forwarding requests to the target domain is acceptable. If so, the initiating peer uses the procedures in RFC 3263 [4] Section 4 to determine how to contact the receiving peer. To summarize the RFC 3263 procedure: unless these are explicitly encoded in the target URI, a transport is chosen using NAPTR records, a port is chosen using SRV records, and an address is chosen using A or AAAA records. Note that these are queries of records in the global DNS. When communicating with another SSP, entities compliant to this document should select a TLS-protected transport for communication from the initiating peer to the receiving peer if available. Note that this is a single-hop requirement. Penno Expires November 2, 2008 [Page 10] Internet-Draft SPEERMINT peering architecture May 2008 5.1.2.3. SIP Redirect Server A SIP Redirect Server may help in resolving the current address of the next-hop SF in the target domain. 5.1.3. The Signaling Function (SF) The purpose of signaling function is to perform routing of SIP messages, to optionally perform termination and re-initiation of a call, to optionally implement security and policies on SIP messages, and to assist in discovery/exchange of parameters to be used by the Media Function (MF). The signaling function performs the routing of SIP messages. The optional termination and re-initiation of calls are performed by the signaling path border element (SBE). Optionally, a SF may perform additional functions such as Session Admission Control, SIP Denial of Service protection, SIP Topology Hiding, SIP header normalization, and SIP security, privacy and encryption. The SF can also process SDP payloads for media information such as media type, bandwidth, and type of codec; then, communicate this information to the media function. Signaling function may optionally communicate with the network to pass Layer 3 related policies [10] 5.1.3.1. Establishing a Trusted Relationship Depending on the security needs and trust relationship between SSPs, different security mechanism can be used to establish SIP calls. These are discussed in the following subsections. 5.1.3.1.1. TLS connection Once a transport, port, and address are found, the initiating SSP will open or find a reusable TLS connection to the peer. The procedures to authenticate the SSP's target domain is specified in [24] 5.1.3.1.2. IPSec In certain deployments, the use of IPSec between the signaling functions of the originating and terminating domains can be used as a security mechanism instead of TLS. Penno Expires November 2, 2008 [Page 11] Internet-Draft SPEERMINT peering architecture May 2008 5.1.3.1.3. Co-Location In this scenario, the SFs are co-located in a physically secure location and/or are members of a segregated network. In this case messages between the originating and terminating SSPs would be sent as clear text. 5.1.3.2. Sending the SIP request Once a trust relationship between the peers is established, the initiating peer sends the request. 5.1.3.2.1. TLS If the trust relationship was established through TLS, the initiating peer can optionally verify and assert the sender's identity using the SIP Identity mechanism. In addition, new requests should contain a valid Identity and Identity-Info header as described in [12]. The Identity-Info header must present a domain name that is represented in the certificate provided when establishing the TLS connection over which the request is sent. The initiating peer should include an Identity header on in-dialog requests as well if the From header field value matches an identity the initiating peer is willing to assert. 5.2. Terminating SSP Procedures 5.2.1. The Location Function (LF) 5.2.1.1. Publish ENUM records The receiving peer should publish "E2U+SIP" and "E2U+pstn" records with sip: or sips: URIs wherever a public carrier ENUM root is available. In the event that a public root is not available, a publishing to a common ENUM registry with the originating peer will suffice. This assumes that the receiving peer wants to peer by default. When the receiving peer does not want to accept traffic from specific initiating peers, it may still reject requests on a call-by-call basis. Penno Expires November 2, 2008 [Page 12] Internet-Draft SPEERMINT peering architecture May 2008 5.2.1.2. Publish SIP DNS records To receive peer requests, the receiving peer must ensure that it publishes appropriate NAPTR, SRV, and address (A and/or AAAA) records in the LF relevant to the originating peer's SF. 5.2.1.3. Subscribe Notify A policy notification function may also be optionally implemented by dynamic subscribe, notify, and exchange of policy information and feature information among SSPs [21]. 5.2.2. Signaling Function (SF) 5.2.2.1. TLS When the receiving peer receives a TLS client hello, it responds with its certificate. The target SSP certificate should be valid and rooted in a well-known certificate authority. The procedures to authenticate the SSP's originating domain are specified in [24]. The terminating SF verifies that the Identity header is valid, corresponds to the message, corresponds to the Identity-Info header, and that the domain in the From header corresponds to one of the domains in the TLS client certificate. 5.2.2.2. Receive SIP requests Once a trust relationship is established, the receiving peer is prepared to receive incoming SIP requests. For new requests (dialog forming or not) the receiving peer verifies if the target (request- URI) is a domain that for which it is responsible. For these requests, there should be no remaining Route header field values. For in-dialog requests, the receiving peer can verify that it corresponds to the top-most Route header field value. The receiving peer may reject incoming requests due to local policy. When a request is rejected because the initiating peer is not authorized to peer, the receiving peer should respond with a 403 response with the reason phrase "Unsupported Peer". Penno Expires November 2, 2008 [Page 13] Internet-Draft SPEERMINT peering architecture May 2008 5.3. Target SSP Procedures 5.3.1. Signaling Function (SF) 5.3.1.1. TLS When the receiving peer receives a TLS client hello, it responds with its certificate. The target SSP certificate should be valid and rooted in a well-known certificate authority. The procedures to authenticate the SSP's originating domain are specified in [24]. If the requests should contain a valid Identity and Identity-Info header as described in [12] the target SF verifies that the Identity header is valid, corresponds to the message, corresponds to the Identity-Info header, and that the domain in the From header corresponds to one of the domains in the TLS client certificate. 5.3.1.2. Receive SIP requests The procedures of the SF of the target SSP are the same as the ones described in section 5.2.2.2 with the addition that it might establish a connection to another target SSP, and in this case use the procedures recommended to an originating SSP (section 5.1). 5.4. Media Function (MF) The purpose of the MF is to perform media related functions such as media transcoding and media security implementation between two SSPs. An Example of this is to transform a voice payload from one codec (e.g., G.711) to another (e.g., EvRC). Additionally, the MF may perform media relaying, media security, privacy, and encryption. 5.5. Policy Considerations In the context of the SPEERMINT working group when two SSPs peer, there MAY be a desire to exchange peering policy information dynamically. There are specifications in progress in the SIPPING working group to define policy exchange between an UA and a domain [23] and providing profile data to SIP user agents [24] These considerations borrow from both. Following the terminology introduced in [12], this package uses the terms Peering Session-Independent and Session-Specific policies in the following context. Penno Expires November 2, 2008 [Page 14] Internet-Draft SPEERMINT peering architecture May 2008 o Peering Session-Independent policies include Diffserv Marking, Policing, Session Admission Control, and domain reachabilities, amongst others. The time period between Peering Session- Independent policy changes is much greater than the time it takes to establish a call. o Peering Session-Specific polices includes supported connection/call rate, total number of connections/calls available, current utilization, amongst others. Peering Session-specific policies can change within the time it takes to establish a call. Likewise, but orthogonal to session dependency, an SSP may have policies that may be peer-dependent or peer-independent. That is, the session-dependent and session-independent policies may by further sub-divided and modified by additional controls that depend on which peer SSP or federation with which communications is being established. 6. Call Control and Media Control Deployment Options The peering functions can be deployed along the following two dimensions depending upon how the signaling and the media functions along with IP layer are implemented: Composed or Decomposed: Addresses the question whether the media must flow through the same physical and geographic elements as SIP dialogs and sessions. Centralized or Distributed: Addresses the question whether the logical and physical interconnections are in one geographical location or distributed to multiple physical locations on the SSP's network. In a composed model, SF and MF functions are implemented in one peering logical element. Penno Expires November 2, 2008 [Page 15] Internet-Draft SPEERMINT peering architecture May 2008 Provider A Provider B ---------- . . ---------- / \ . . / \ | | . _ . | | | +----+ . / \_ . +----+ | | | SF |<-----/ \------| SF | | | +-+--+ . /Transit\ . | | | | | | . / IP \ . | | | | +-+--+ . \ Provider| . | | | | | MF |<~~~~\(Option)|~~~~| MF | | | +----+ . \ / . +----+ | | | . \__ _/ . | | \_________ / . . \________ _/ ---------- ---------- --- Signal (SIP) ~~~ Bearer (RTP/IP) ... Scope of peering Figure 3: Decomposed v. Collapsed Peering The advantage of a collapsed peering architecture is that one- element solves all peering issues. Disadvantage examples of this architecture are single point of failure, bottleneck, and complex scalability. In a decomposed model, SF and MF are implemented in separate peering logical elements. SFs are implemented in a proxy and MFs are implemented in another logical element. The scaling of signaling versus scaling of media may differ between applications. Decomposing allows each to follow a separate migration path. This model allows the implementation of M:N model where one SF is associated with multiple peering MF and one peering MF is associated with multiple SFs. Generally, a vertical protocol associates the relationship between a SF and a MF. This architecture reduces the potential of a single point of failure. It allows separation of the policy decision point and the policy enforcement point. An example of disadvantages is the scaling complexity because of the M:N relationship and latency due to the vertical control messages between entities. Penno Expires November 2, 2008 [Page 16] Internet-Draft SPEERMINT peering architecture May 2008 7. Address space considerations Peering must occur in a common IP address space, which is defined by the federation, which may be entirely on the public Internet, or some private address space. The origination or termination networks may or may not entirely be in the same address space. If they are not, then a network address translation (NAT) or similar function may be needed before the signaling or media is presented correctly to the federation. The only requirement is that all associated entities across the peering interface are reachable. 8. Security Considerations In all cases, cryptographic-based security should be maintained as an optional requirement between peering providers conditioned on the presence or absence of underlying physical security of peer connections, e.g. within the same secure physical building. In order to maintain a consistent approach, unique and specialized security requirements common for the majority of peering relationships, should be standardized within the IETF. These standardized methods may enable capabilities such as dynamic peering relationships across publicly maintained interconnections. TODO: Address RFC-3552 BCP items. 9. IANA Considerations There are no IANA considerations at this time. 10. Acknowledgments The working group thanks Sohel Khan for his initial architecture draft that helped to initiate work on this draft. A portion of this draft is taken from [14] with permission from the author R. Mahy. The other important contributor is Otmar Lendl. Penno Expires November 2, 2008 [Page 17] Internet-Draft SPEERMINT peering architecture May 2008 References 10.1. Normative References [1] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. [2] Mealling, M. and R. Daniel, "The Naming Authority Pointer (NAPTR) DNS Resource Record", RFC 2915, September 2000. [3] Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Camarillo, G., Johnston, A., Peterson, J., Sparks, R., Handley, M., and E. Schooler, "SIP: Session Initiation Protocol", RFC 3261, June 2002. [4] Rosenberg, J. and H. Schulzrinne, "Session Initiation Protocol (SIP): Locating SIP Servers", RFC 3263, June 2002. [5] Blake-Wilson, S., Nystrom, M., Hopwood, D., Mikkelsen, J., and T. Wright, "Transport Layer Security (TLS) Extensions", RFC 4366, April 2006. [6] Schulzrinne, H., Casner, S., Frederick, R., and V. Jacobson, "RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications", STD 64, RFC 3550, July 2003. [7] Peterson, J., Liu, H., Yu, J., and B. Campbell, "Using E.164 numbers with the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)", RFC 3824, June 2004. [8] Peterson, J., "Address Resolution for Instant Messaging and Presence",RFC 3861, August 2004. [9] Peterson, J., "Telephone Number Mapping (ENUM) Service Registration for Presence Services", RFC 3953, January 2005. [10] ETSI TS 102 333: " Telecommunications and Internet converged Services and Protocols for Advanced Networking (TISPAN); Gate control protocol". [11] Peterson, J., "enumservice registration for Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Addresses-of-Record", RFC 3764, April 2004. [12] Livingood, J. and R. Shockey, "IANA Registration for an Enumservice Containing PSTN Signaling Information", RFC 4769, November 2006. Penno Expires November 2, 2008 [Page 18] Internet-Draft SPEERMINT peering architecture May 2008 10.2. Informative References [13] Malas, D., "SPEERMINT Terminology", draft-ietf-speermint- terminology-16 (work in progress), February 2008. [14] Mule, J-F., "SPEERMINT Requirements for SIP-based VoIP Interconnection", draft-ietf-speermint-requirements-04.txt, February 2008. [15] Mahy, R., "A Minimalist Approach to Direct Peering", draft- mahy-speermint-direct-peering-02.txt, July 2007. [16] Penno, R., et al., "SPEERMINT Routing Architecture Message Flows", draft-ietf-speermint-flows-02.txt", April 2007. [17] Houri, A., et al., "RTC Provisioning Requirements", draft- houri-speermint-rtc-provisioning-reqs-00.txt, June, 2006. [18] Habler, M., et al., "A Federation based VOIP Peering Architecture", draft-lendl-speermint-federations-03.txt, September 2006. [19] Mahy, R., "A Telephone Number Mapping (ENUM) Service Registration for Instant Messaging (IM) Services", draft-ietf- enum-im-service-03 (work in progress), March 2006. [20] Haberler, M. and R. Stastny, "Combined User and Carrier ENUM in the e164.arpa tree", draft-haberler-carrier-enum-03 (work in progress), March 2006. [21] Penno, R., Malas D., and Melampy, P., "A Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Event package for Peering", draft-penno- sipping-peering-package-00 (work in progress), September 2006. [22] Hollander, D., Bray, T., and A. Layman, "Namespaces in XML", W3C REC REC-xml-names-19990114, January 1999. [23] Burger, E (Ed.), "A Mechanism for Content Indirection in Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Messages", RFC 4483, May 2006 [24] Gurbani, V., Lawrence, S., and B. Laboratories, "Domain Certificates in the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)", draft- ietf-sip-domain-certs-00 (work in progress), November 2007. Penno Expires November 2, 2008 [Page 19] Internet-Draft SPEERMINT peering architecture May 2008 Author's Addresses Reinaldo Penno (Editor) Juniper Networks 1194 N Mathilda Avenue Sunnyvale, CA USA Email: rpenno@juniper.net Mike Hammer Cisco Systems 13615 Dulles Technology Drive Herndon, VA 20171 USA Email: mhammer@cisco.com Sohel Khan, Ph.D. Comcast Cable Communications U.S.A Email: sohel_khan@cable.comcast.com Daryl Malas CableLabs 858 Coal Creek Circle Louisville, CO 80027 Email: d.malas@cablelabs.com Adam Uzelac Global Crossing 1120 Pittsford Victor Road PITTSFORD, NY 14534 USA Email: adam.uzelac@globalcrossing.com Intellectual Property Statement The IETF takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any Intellectual Property Rights or other rights that might be claimed to pertain to the implementation or use of the technology described in this document or the extent to which any license under such rights might or might not be available; nor does it represent that it has made any independent effort to identify any such rights. Information on the procedures with respect to rights in RFC documents can be found in BCP 78 and BCP 79. Penno Expires November 2, 2008 [Page 20] Internet-Draft SPEERMINT peering architecture May 2008 Copies of IPR disclosures made to the IETF Secretariat and any assurances of licenses to be made available, or the result of an attempt made to obtain a general license or permission for the use of such proprietary rights by implementers or users of this specification can be obtained from the IETF on-line IPR repository at http://www.ietf.org/ipr. The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention any copyrights, patents or patent applications, or other proprietary rights that may cover technology that may be required to implement this standard. Please address the information to the IETF at ietf-ipr@ietf.org. Disclaimer of Validity This document and the information contained herein are provided on an "AS IS" basis and THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE ORGANIZATION HE/SHE REPRESENTS OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY, THE IETF TRUST AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Copyright Statement Copyright (C) The IETF Trust (2008). This document is subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions contained in BCP 78, and except as set forth therein, the authors retain all their rights. Acknowledgment Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the Internet Society. Penno Expires November 2, 2008 [Page 21]