From unrza3@cd4680fs.rrze.uni-erlangen.de Mon Aug 8 16:29:37 1994 From: unrza3@cd4680fs.rrze.uni-erlangen.de (Markus Kuhn) Newsgroups: comp.std.internat,comp.std.misc,comp.protocols.iso,comp.answers,news.answers Subject: Standards FAQ Supersedes: Followup-To: comp.std.internat,comp.std.misc,comp.protocols.iso Date: Mon, 1 Aug 1994 20:19:34 +0200 Organization: Regionales Rechenzentrum Erlangen, Germany Reply-To: mskuhn@cip.informatik.uni-erlangen.de NNTP-Posting-Host: cd4680fs.rrze.uni-erlangen.de Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Summary: Answers to questions such as what are ISO standards, where can I get standards, what are ISO/ITU/ANSI/etc., what standards are there relevant to computing, ...? This is a periodic posting in comp.protocols.iso, comp.std.misc and comp.std.internat. Keywords: international standards, ISO, ANSI, ITU, CCITT Archive-name: standards-faq Last-modified: $Date: 94/08/01 20:18:26 $ Version: $Revision: 1.17 $ Frequently Asked Questions about International Standards with Answers --------------------------------------------------------------------- This text is a monthly posting to the USENET groups comp.protocols.iso, comp.std.misc and comp.std.internat. Its purpose is to give answers to some of the questions appearing most often in these groups and to collect interesting information about standards that appeared in USENET discussions. If you have a suggestion how this text might be improved or have a text that you would like to be added, please send it to Markus Kuhn . Contributions, that I can simply copy into the text are especially welcome. If you can't send e-mail, you can also send documents or disks/tapes with material relevant to the FAQ or the ftp archive (ftp.uni-erlangen.de:pub/doc/ISO/) to Markus Kuhn, Schlehenweg 9, D-91080 Uttenreuth, Germany. This FAQ is crossposted to news.answers and won't expire there on well-managed news systems until the next version has been posted. As a consequence of being crossposted to news.answers, this text will also be automatically archived on many FAQ servers all over the world (e.g., look with ftp at server rtfm.mit.edu (login: anonymous) in /pub/usenet/news.answers/standards-faq). You'll also find there many other answers to frequently asked questions. This FAQ is perhaps one of the first that uses an 8-bit character set on USENET, because there are many non-ASCII characters necessary for a correct ISO member address list. Nearly the full USENET is 8-bit transparent, and the character set is announced in the message header as defined in RFC 1341. If you can't see the right characters then check your environment (fonts, stty settings, newsreader options, code pages, ...), because the character set ISO 8859-1 is available on many computers, but often simply not activated. A few test characters are ê=e+^, µ=greek mu, ©=copyright sign and ½=fraction 1/2. If you see j, 5, ) and = instead, then the highest bit has been stripped off. The portable program iso2asc.c that you'll find with anonymous ftp on ftp.uni-erlangen.de in pub/doc/ISO/ converts ISO 8859-1 text files to 7-bit US-ASCII and to IBM PC character set if you can't display these characters directly. Don't be angry if anything in this text is incorrect. As with all information exchanged on USENET, you only get what you pay for and the current author isn't paid a single pfennig for this FAQ. Better mail me the correction! I hope you enjoy it ... Markus Contents -------- What are ISO, ITU, CCITT, ANSI, ...? Why can't I ftp ISO standards? ! Where can I get standard documents? How can I get in contact with the committees? How can I get electronic versions of CCITT/ITU-T recommendations? Which Internet resources provide information about standards? What's the meaning of CD, DIS, IS? ! ISO standards relevant to computing ! ISO standards of general relevance Some ITU-T/CCITT recommendations ISO paper sizes What is ISO 9000? What's the address of my national standards body? List of ISO technical committees References A '+' in the first column marks a topic that has been added since this FAQ was last posted the last time and a '!' marks a change. Trivial typographic changes are not marked. What are ISO, ITU, CCITT, ANSI, ...? ------------------------------------ Many countries have national standards bodies where experts from industry and universities develop standards for all kinds of engineering problems. Among them are, for instance, ANSI American National Standards Institute USA DIN Deutsches Institut fuer Normung Germany BSI British Standards Institution United Kingdom AFNOR Association francaise de normalisation France UNI Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione Italy NNI Nederlands Normalisatie-instituut Netherlands SAA Standards Australia Australia SANZ Standards Association of New Zealand New Zealand NSF Norges Standardiseringsforbund Norway DS Dansk Standard Denmark and about 80 others. The International Organization for Standardization, ISO, in Geneva is the head organization of all these national standardization bodies. Together with the International Electrotechnical Commission, IEC, ISO concentrates its efforts on harmonizing national standards all over the world. The results of these activities are published as ISO standards. Among them are, for instance, the metric system of units, international stationery sizes, all kinds of bolt nuts, rules for technical drawings, electrical connectors, security regulations, computer protocols, file formats, bicycle components, ID cards, programming languages, International Standard Book Numbers (ISBN), ... Over 10 000 ISO standards have been published so far and you surely get in contact with a lot of things each day that conform to ISO standards you never heard of. By the way, "ISO" is not an acronym for the organization in any language. It's a wordplay based on the English initials and the Greek-derived prefix "iso-" meaning "same". Within ISO, ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1 (JTC1) deals with information technology. The International Telecommunication Union, ITU, is the United Nations specialized agency dealing with telecommunications. At present there are 164 member countries. One of its previous bodies was the International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee, CCITT, which is now after an organizational reorganization of ITU called ITU-T (Telecommunication Standardization Sector). A Plenary Assembly of the CCITT/ITU-T, which takes place every few years, draws up a list of 'Questions' about possible improvements in international electronic communication. In Study Groups, experts from different countries develop 'Recommendations' which are published after they have been adopted. Especially relevant to computing are the ITU-T V series of recommendations on modems (e.g. V.32, V.42), the X series on data networks and OSI (e.g. X.25, X.400), the I and Q series that define ISDN, the Z series that defines specification and programming languages (SDL, CHILL), the T series on text communication (teletex, fax, videotext, ODA) and the H series on digital sound and video encoding. The previous CCIR (International Radio Consultative Committee and the IFBR (International Frequency Registration Board) are now called ITU-R (Radiocommunication Sector). The previous BDT (Telecommunications Development Bureau) is know called ITU-D. The European Committee for Standardization (CEN) adopts international and national standards with the effect that all member bodies have to withdraw contradicting material (e.g., ISO 9000 to 9004 were adopted as EN 29 000 to 29 004). Regional standardization bodies are mentioned in ISO/IEC Guides, and CEN seems to be the only one. Since 1961, the European Computer Manufacturers Association, ECMA, has been a forum for data processing experts where agreements have been prepared and submitted for standardization to ISO, ITU and other standards organizations. Internet standards are developed for protocol-based interoperability. They are developed under two broad categories of responsibility: strategic concerns are handled by the Internet Society (ISOC) and the Internet Architecture Board (IAB), and technical development by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and the Internet Research Task Force (IRTF). ISOC is an incorporated, international, non-profit professional society, with membership open to anyone. It approves members to the Internet Architecture Board (IAB), approves the formal documentation of the Internet standards process, and pursues liaison relationships in conjunction with the IAB. The IAB also provides oversight of the overall architecture and growth of the Internet and it approves members to the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) develops the actual Internet standards. Activities are assigned to working groups which focus on specific protocols. Participation in working groups is open to participation by anyone, with work carried out partly by electronic mail and partly in face to face meetings. Meetings are three times a year. Documents of the IETF are freely and openly available. Decisions by working groups are achieved through a consensus process. Internet standards are published as part of the online Request for Comments (RFC) series. Why can't I ftp ISO standards? ------------------------------ ISO standard documents are copyrighted by ISO, and their price is much higher than the costs for printing and shipping the papers. This is because the expenses of running ISO are partially covered by selling the standards (but ISO also gets member fees from the national organizations). Consequently, ISO standards are NOT available as public domain documents to Internet users. Many people feel that this is a great disadvantage and ISO is at the moment examining other methods of distributing the documents (e.g. CD-ROM, magnetic tapes and online access) but the odds are very low that ISO standards will become freely redistributable files like Internet RFCs in the near future (i.e. this decade). BTW: The costs of actually developing standards is borne by the thousands of organizations which pay for the time and travel expenses of the delegates to national and international level meetings. As a consequence of ISO's price and copyright policy for their documents, ISO standards are VERY unavailable to students and researchers with limited budget. Even huge companies have often only single copies of ISO documents which have to be time-shared by many engineers. This is very much contradicting to the very purpose of formal non-proprietary standards which is being easily available to everyone. That fact that ISO standards are not available online on the Internet is not a technical problem: the ISO Central Secretariat in Geneva is connected to the Internet and other public networks, they have the necessary hosts, software and people available and they use Internet services like ftp, gopher and WWW internally. But these databases are not available to the public. This is a political problem, not a technical one. Other international standardization organizations either offer their documents on the Internet freely (e.g. ITU and IETF) or send you the paper versions free of charge (e.g. ECMA and many other vendor organizations). If you are involved in the development of an international standard and are interested in the availability of your results for students, etc., then it is highly recommended not to give this standard directly to ISO, but to cooperate with other organizations with more useful copyright policies (e.g. ECMA, ITU, IETF, ...). By a liaison contribution from ISO/IEC JTC1/SC6 to the Internet Architecture Board (IAB), a very few OSI standards (e.g. ISO 8073, ISO 8473, ISO 9542, ISO 10589) ARE available as PostScript files with ftp >from merit.edu in directory pub/iso as files clnp.ps, esis.ps, isis.ps and idrp.ps. Where can I get standard documents? ----------------------------------- ISO standards are sold by the national standards body members (e.g. ANSI, DIN, ...), by special companies, and by the ISO General Secretary in Geneva. The standard way to order standards is to contact your national standards body (check the list in the chapter 'What's the address of my national standards body?'). If you want to get the standards directly from ISO, you may order them from ISO Sales Case Postale 56 CH-1211 Geneve 20 Switzerland E-mail: sales@isocs.iso.ch ISO accepts VISA and American Express. They require the card number, its expiry date, and an authorizing signature. Some people prefer to order their standards directly from ISO in Geneva, because some national member bodies (e.g. ANSI) reprint ISO standards locally, use cheaper paper and charge more for ISO standards than the headquarters. ISO publishes an 'ISO Bulletin' with information about current standardization activities and articles about various standards. It lists all the ISO standards published or withdrawn, the DISs circulated, the CDs registered, etc. It also has a calendar of all upcoming ISO meetings. You can get it from your national standards body or from the General Secretary in Geneva. You may get more information on this from International Organization for Standardization Promotion and Press Department Case Postale 56 CH-1211 Geneve 20 Switzerland ISO publishes an annual 'ISO Catalogue' which lists all ISO standards currently in force and other ISO publications (e.g. guides and standards handbooks) with a price code. It contains an entry like ISO 4074-2:1980 Rubber condoms-- Part 2: Determination of length Ed. 1 2 p. Code A TC 157 Preservatifs masculins en caoutchouc-- Partie 2: Determination de la longueur for each ISO standard in both English and French and a few other lists. You have to ask your national standards body how much you have to pay them for a standard with price code A (e.g. 20 Swiss francs in Switzerland and 27.10 DM in Germany). The price depends on the number of pages of the document. Code A means 1 or 2 pages. :-( You can order all ITU (was: CCITT) recommendations from International Telecommunication Union General Secretariat - Sales Section Place des Nations CH-1211 Geneve 20 Switzerland phone +41 22 7305111 fax +41 22 7305194 e-mail helpdesk@itu.ch There you can also get a free ITU List of Publications. The 1988 series of recommendations has been published as the 'Blue Book' (consisting of Volumes each dealing with a specific topic and bound as "Fascicles" of a few hundred pages each) which fills about 16,000 pages or a whole shelf. The Blue Book volumes are about the phone net, ISDN, telex and teletex nets, fax protocols, OSI, international tariffs, etc. In the past, CCITT recommendations have been published in a four year cycle. These publications are identified by the color of their binding: 1960 red, 1964 blue, 1968 white, 1972 green, 1976 orange, 1980 yellow, 1984 red and 1988 blue. The 1992 White Book will be the last four year collection of all recommendations. After this, recommendations will be published separately. A number of ISO's computer and telecommunication related standards are are also published by ITU with another cover and another number, so it's a good idea to check if you can't get the same standard MUCH cheaper from ITU. More information and some ASCII/PostScript/WinWord files with ITU recommendations are available from the ITU server (see below). The CCITT 1988 Blue Books are also available from: United Nations Bookshop General Assembly Building Room: G.A. 32 B New York, NY 10017 USA phone +1 212 963-7680 (800) 553-3210 (USA only, except NY) fax +1 212 963-4910 Visa or Mastercard are accepted over $15.00. $2 per book for shipping/handling. UPS over 5 books is free of charge. E.g. the fascicle with X.400-X.420 costs $68.70. All ECMA standards are free and can be ordered at no cost from European Computer Manufacturers Association 114 Rue du Rhone CH-1204 Geneva Switzerland phone +41 22 7353634 fax +41 22 7865231 telex 413237 e-mail helpdesk@ecma.ch X.400 C=ch, A=arcom, P=ecma, O=genevanet, OU1=ecma, S=helpdesk A number of ISO's computer related standards are only ECMA standards with another cover and another number, so it's a good idea to check if you can't get the same standard free from ECMA without giving an arm or a leg to ISO. The address of the European Telecommunication Standards Institute is: ETSI F-06921 Sophia Antipolis CEDEX France phone +33 92 94 42 00 fax +33 93 65 47 16 The address of the Conference of European Posts and Telecommunications Administrations, CEPT, is CEPT Liaison Office Seilerstrasse 22 CH-3008 Bern Switzerland phone +41 31 62 20 81 fax +41 31 62 20 78 Their documents are called "Norme Europeene de Telecommunication", NET, and they allow you to test terminal equipment one for all of the EC. CEPT is covered by EEC Directive 86/361. The address of the ANSI sales department is: ANSI Attention: Customer Service 11 West 42nd St. New York, NY 10036 USA phone +1 212 642-4900 DIN, ISO and other standards are sold in Germany by Beuth Verlag GmbH D-10772 Berlin Germany phone +49 30 2601-0 fax +49 30 2601-1231 telex 183622 bvb d teletex 302107 bvb awg The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) also publishes standards. They can be ordered by email from the IEEE Computer Society Press: Send an email message to and include your name, IEEE membership number, shipping address, phone number, publication title, catalog number and price. Payment accepted by credit card or purchase order. Credit card orders must include: card number, expiration date and your name as it appears on the card. Purchase orders must include: purchase order number, name of purchasing organization, your name, phone number and shipping address. For several years the US company OMNICOM published a newsletter about OSI development and distributed copies of ISO standards. Document distribution for OMNICOM (which is out of business) has been taken over by Phillips Business Information. The phone number (800) OMNICOM still works, but is answered by Phillips. Phillips Business Information 1201 Seven Locks Road Potomac, MD 20854. phone +1 301 424-3338 (800) 777 5006 fax +1 301 309-3847 Another source for standards in the US is Document Center 1504 Industry Way, Unit 9 Belmont, CA USA 94002 phone +1 415 591 7600 fax +1 415 591 7617 It is highly recommended to compare prices before ordering standards! How can I get in contact with the committees? --------------------------------------------- The standard way is to contact the members of your national standards body. Some of these people will also serve as your country's representatives to the international organizations. Only a very few experts active within ISO and CCITT are regularly reading USENET but most are reachable with Internet mail. The editor of the new ASN.1 encoding rules standard (ISO 8825) is Bancroft Scott The editor of the X.gc group working on a news extension for the X.400 electronic mail protocols similar to USENET is Jacob Palme, Stockholm University ECMA has email access and the secretary-general can be reached with . ISO Central Secretariat also has email access. The usual address is Internet: @isocs.iso.ch X.400: C=CH; ADMD=ARCOM; PRMD=ISO; O=ISOCS; S= E.g., some known addresses are Michael Smith Jacques Chabot Keith Brannon (responsible for IT) Vasilii Zakharov (IT director) ISO's hot line phone number is +41 22 749-0222. IEC also is up on email and is accessable from Internet through a bridge (that's sometimes down). One address is e.g.: Jack Sheldon How can I get electronic versions of CCITT/ITU-T recommendations ---------------------------------------------------------------- ITU now operates a public ITU Document Store (ITUDOC). It can be reached as a mail server and interactively with a Gopher interface. An FTP Server is planned. For more detailed assistance than given below, please contact: International Telecommunication Union Information Services Department Place des Nations 1211 Geneva 20 Switzerland TEL: +41 22 730 5554 FAX: +41 22 730 5337 RFC822: helpdesk@itu.ch X.400: S=helpdesk;A=arcom;P=itu;C=ch INTERACTIVE ACCESS TO ITUDOC Interactive access to ITUDOC is available as one of ITU's 'Open Services' available in TIES (Telecom Information Exchange Services). Connectivity to TIES is possible via: 1. GOPHER CLIENT Pointer to the ITU Gopher Server is Name=International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Host=info.itu.ch Port=70 2. TELNET Telnet: ties.itu.ch or info.itu.ch (login name 'gopher') 3. X.25 Call the X.25 DTE address, on TELEPAC, the Swiss PSPDN #228468111112 where # is local prefix for international routing, login name 'gopher' 4. DIAL-UP +41 22 733 7575 (Swiss telephone number, login name 'gopher') Supported modem protocols include ITU-T (CCITT) V.21, V.22, V.22bis, V.32, V.42, V.42bis Recommendations, Bell212A and MNP 2, 3, 4, 5. Basic settings should be no parity, 8 data bits (necessary for on-line reading of multilingual material), speed 300 to 9,600 bps. For downloading documents/files, several file transfer methods are supported (e.g., Kermit, XModem, Text, FTP, email). EMAIL ACCESS TO ITUDOC For help on the ITUDOC electronic mail interface, send a message with the line HELP in it to: itudoc@itu.ch The mail server will return to you a help document explaining all valid commands. For example, to retrieve any ITUDOC document, you send the command: GET where is the UPI (Unique Permanent Identifier) for the document. For example, to retrieve the index of the ITU-T (ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector) Group, send the command: GET ITU-1100 See below for the UPIs of other index files. You can place multiple commands in a single message (maximum 50). ITUDOC INDEX FILES Here are UPIs for key ITUDOC index files. Index files describe the structure of groups and list UPIs for all documents available in the group. Index files are updated every two weeks. Title: Road Map and Index for ITUDOC (About ITUDOC) Group UPI: ITU-1800 Title: Road Map and Index for GS (ITU General Secretariat) Group UPI: ITU-1700 Title: Road Map and Index for ITU-D (ITU Development Sector) Group UPI: ITU-1300 Title: Road Map and Index for ITU-R (ITU Radiocommunication Sector) Group UPI: ITU-1200 Title: Road Map and Index for ITU-T (ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector) Group UPI: ITU-1100 NB: the above group is ex-CCITT and contains UPIs for telecom standardization-related documents (e.g., List of Recommendations, ITU-T Recommendations) Title: Road Map and Index for SIGS (Special Interest Groups) Group UPI: ITU-1500 Title: Road Map and Index for TIES (Telecom Information Exchange Services) Group UPI: ITU-1400 Title: Road Map and Index for the complete ITU Document Store UPI: ITU-1600 Title: Road Map and Index for UN/EDICORE (United Nations UN/EDIFACT Standards Database (EDICORE)) Group UPI: ITU-1900 Which Internet resources provide information about standards? ------------------------------------------------------------- The author of this FAQ maintains an archive where information about ISO standards is collected at anonymous ftp server ftp.uni-erlangen.de in pub/doc/ISO/. Contact if you would like to contribute anything. (A few German texts are available in pub/doc/ISO/deutsch.) The RFCs are ftpable from nic.ddn.mil, ftp.nisc.sri.com, nnsc.nsf.net and >from many other sites all over the world. For information about POSIX, the ISO and IEEE standard for UNIX compatible operating systems, look at the file ~ftp/usenet/comp.std.unix on ftp.uu.net. Other ftp locations with information about OSI and other ISO standards are: address directory content ------------------------------------------------------------------------- osi.ncsl.nist.gov * GOSIP stuff ftp.uu.net networking/osi ISODE networking/x25 X.25 software nic.ddn.mil protocols DoD and GOSIP related stuff rfc RFC Repository cs.ucl.ac.uk src ISODE, PP, OSIMIS, ... osi-ds Internet X.500 documents ietf-osi-oda Internet ODA documents aun.uninett.no ietf/mhs-ds X.500 based routing drafts ftp.ifi.uio.no pub/SGML SGML/HyTime related things dkuug.dk i18n internationalisation standards ftp.ripe.net ripe/docs/iso3166-codes ISO Country Codes isode.com * ISODE Consortium documents merit.edu pub/iso few ISO standards (CLNP etc.) unicode.org pub Unicode/ISO 10646 material sunsite.unc.edu pub/Z39.50 ISO SR/Z39.50 drafts ftp.cme.nist.gov pub/step ISO 10303/STEP archive ftp.dstc.edu.au pub/arch/RM-ODP Open Distributed Processing The USENET group comp.protocols.iso.x400 has been created for discussions about the X.400 OSI e-mail protocol suite. Harald Tveit Alvestrand is posting an X.400 FAQ and product list monthly there and Jacob Palme posts his reports from the ITU/ISO X.400 study group meetings in the same group. The reports from Jacob Palme about X.400, the official X.400 implementor's guide and various research reports are available with gopher from dsv.su.se. Information about ITU is available with gopher from info.itu.ch. There is a USENET group comp.text.sgml for discussions about SGML, DSSSL, HyTime, etc. Articles posted there are archived on ftp.ifi.uio.no. CMIP Run is a newsletter dedicated to popularizing and explaining the various network and systems management technologies, especially OSI CMIP. CMIP Run is available via anonymous ftp in postscript from 192.35.236.4 in pub/cmip_run. A few ISO standards are available freely as Postscript files with ftp >from merit.edu in pub/iso as clnp.ps, esis.ps, isis.ps and idrp.ps. These are OSI connectionless network layer standards. Information about the world time standard UTC (e.g. when will the next leap second be inserted in time, etc.) is available from the 'International Earth Rotation Service' (IERS) with anonymous ftp from mesiom.obspm.circe.fr. There is no single official document that defines the time zones, but a good collection of information about time zones from Arthur David Olson is available with ftp from elsie.nci.nih.gov in pub/tz*. It's updated periodically. If you can't get files with ftp, you might want to use one of the ftpmail servers (e.g. ftpmail@decwrl.dec.com or ftpmail@src.doc.ic.ac.uk). For detailed instructions send them a message with "help" in the body. What's the meaning of CD, DIS, IS? ---------------------------------- [Posted by Brad Smith :] Replies to an earlier posting of mine indicated a lack of familiarity with current ISO procedures for developing and gaining consensus on international standards. Here are some notes to update you. The 1989 revision of the ISO/IEC Directives specify the accepted procedure for developing and approving International Standards. This is a complicated process with many activities and critical milestones so if you do any standards work, you will probably want to get a copy of the document for reference. THE ISO PROCESS: The Directives give a set of procedures for managing the work of a committee which define five stages of document approval: The Proposal Stage Voting members ballot on the creation of a new standards project. The Preparatory Stage Project Leader manages the development of a Working Draft. The Committee Stage Consensus is achieved on a Committee Draft. The Approval Stage National bodies vote on a Draft International Standard. The Publication Stage ISO publishes the International Standard. PROPOSAL STAGE: The Proposal stage begins with a suggestion for a new area of standardization activity (see [ISO1] - clause 2.2, page 17). The suggestion is documented on an ISO New Work Item Proposal form and is sent out by the committee's Secretariat to all participating and observing members of the committee, to all liaison organizations, and to other national bodies of ISO. A three-month voting period is prescribed. All voting members have an obligation to reply. Approval requires a simple majority vote and a commitment by at least five national bodies to actively participate. Projects can be placed within an existing Working Group (WG), or a new WG can be created to act as a focus for technical development work. The Proposal stage ends when a New Work Item is approved, is registered with the ISO, and is included in the list of projects within the program of work of the SC-4 Committee. PREPARATORY STAGE: The Preparatory stage of ISO standards development covers the creation of a working draft of the ultimate standard (see [ISO1] - clause 2.3, page 17). The work is performed by experts from participating countries organized into working groups and advisory groups under the guidance of a convener, and further subdivided into project areas each under the direction of a Project Leader (see [ISO1] - clause 2.1.6, page 16). Different committees may decide on different procedures to govern the development of working drafts of their standards. In our committee, Working Group conveners have been encouraged to subdivide the technical work into logical tasks each under the direction of a Project Leader. Project Leaders report to the Convener of their parent Working Group. The Working Group convener usually serves as a Project Leader (see [ISO1] - clause 2.3.3, page 17) but is additionally responsible for coordinating any other Project Leaders in the WG as well. As technical work is completed by a WG, it is documented in a working draft of an ISO standard and begins the process of consensus-building and approval. Generally, each document has an editor who has custody of the electronic form of the document, but the project leader has the overall responsibility for coordinating the efforts necessary to gain approval of the draft as an international standard. The ISO Directives do not give details of the process for developing a working draft within the hierarchy of projects, WGs, and advisory groups. That is left for each SC to establish for itself. Our committee has a detailed set of procedures which are available if anyone wants to see them. The Preparatory stage for any one Part ends when a working draft of that Part has been approved by the Project Management Advisory Group. It is at that time given to the Secretariat of SC-4 who formally registers the Part as a Committee Draft with ISO (see [ISO1] - clause 2.3.8, page 18). COMMITTEE STAGE: The Committee stage begins with the circulation of the document in the form of a Committee Draft (CD) for formal balloting (see [ISO1], clause 2.4.1, page 18 and SC4 Res# 73). The ballot is sent out by the committee Secretariat to all participating and observing countries of SC-4 and also to Class A Liaison organizations. All recipients are asked for comments on the CD. Voting members are asked to vote on the acceptance of the CD for registration as a Draft International Standard. All voting members have an obligation to reply. A three month voting period is prescribed. Ballot comments are collected and summarized by the Secretariat. A team consisting of the Secretariat, the committee Chairman, the affected Conveners, and the affected Project Leaders review the ballot comments to determine the degree of consensus obtained. Based on the evaluation, a decision is made whether to a) discuss the CD and comments at the next meeting, b) register the CD as a Draft International Standard, or c) ask that a revised CD be prepared for circulation If at least three voting members of SC-4 disagree with proposal b) or c) of the Secretariat, the CD will be put on the agenda for discussion at the next committee meeting. Failure to attain consensus approval of a Part will trigger determination c) above and thus cause the document to be returned to the Working Group level for the preparation of a revised Committee Draft. It should be noted that both an English and a French text must be available for each Part during the Approval stage which comes next. This translation should be instigated at an early date to allow time for a quality effort. The Committee stage ends for a CD when the Part is accepted by committee ballot. The document is then given to the Secretariat who formally submits the English and French versions to ISO for registration of the Part as a Draft International Standard (see [ISO1] - clause 2.4.7, page 19). APPROVAL STAGE: The Approval Stage begins with circulation of the English and French versions of the Part in the form of a Draft International Standard (DIS) for formal balloting (see [ISO1] - clause 2.5.1, page 19). The ballot is sent out by ISO Central Secretariat to all national bodies of ISO (our committee members plus others). Recipients are asked to vote on the approval of the DIS as an International Standard. All national bodies have an obligation to reply. A six-month voting period is prescribed. Ballot comments are collected by ISO and are returned to our committee. The DIS is approved if a two-thirds majority of votes cast by voting members of our committee are in favor and if not more than 25% of the total number of votes cast are negative. Abstentions are excluded when counting votes (see [ISO1] - clause 2.5.3, page 20). If so approved, the committee Chairman, in cooperation with the Secretariat, and in consultation with the ISO Chief Executive Officer makes a decision whether the document should be published without change or whether an amendment should be drafted to reflect persuasive technical comments received (see [ISO1] - clause 2.5.4, page 20). If an amendment is drafted, it requires a two-month vote as above. If the DIS is not approved, the Committee Chairman, in cooperation with the Secretariat (and, if necessary the Project Leader and the affected WG Conveners), and in consultation with the ISO Chief Executive Officer, makes a decision whether to prepare a new DIS for a two-month vote or to refer the document back to committee for further work (see [ISO1] - clause 2.5.6, page 20). The Approval stage ends with the decision of the committee Chairman to publish. The Secretariat then prepares the final manuscript and sends it to ISO. PUBLICATION STAGE: The ISO Chief Executive Officer does final preparation of the Foreword and sends the proof back to the SC-4 Secretariat for review. Further editorial or technical amendments are unacceptable at this stage. The Publication stage ends with the release of the document as an International Standard. [FAQ author's note: The reference [ISO1] hasn't been resolved in Brad Smith's original posting, but, according to the ISO Catalogue, the complete ISO ceremony of creating a standard is defined in: IEC/ISO Directives -- Part 1, Procedures for the technical work, 1989, 140p., ISBN 92-67-10150-1. IEC/ISO Directives -- Part 2, Methodology for the development of International Standards, 1989, 62p., ISBN 92-67-10149-8. IEC/ISO Directives -- Part 3, Drafting and presentation of International Standards, 1989, 2nd ed., 82 p., bilingual, ISBN 92-67-01055-7. Harald Alvestrand wrote me, that there is also something called a "CD ballot" that is needed to get a document from "expert contribution" status to "CD" status, and that there are exceptions to the "French required" rules. He has one DIS that says on the cover: "In accordance with the provisions of Council Resolution 21/1986 this DIS is submitted in the English language only"] Eberhard Wegner noted, that "JTC 1 have their own Directives, replacing ISO/IEC Directives. It is even worse: ISO and IEC have separately adopted the Vienna Agreement with CEN (on common simultaneous voting), but JTC 1 has not; so it is not valid for them. Instead of overcoming the separation between ISO and IEC, the creation of JTC 1 introduced a third body." Another nice explanation :-) has been posted by Chad Fogg : Here is the evolutionary chart of ISO standards: 1. Barroom witticism ("NI" or "Napkin Item") 2. New proposal ("NP" or "Need Permission") 3. Working Draft ("WD" or "We were Drunk") 4. Committee Draft ("CD" or "Calendar Deadlock") 5. Draft International Standard ("DIS" or "Doesn't Include Substance") 6. International Standard ("IS" or "Induced patent Statements") ISO standards relevant to computing ----------------------------------- A summary of ISO and CCITT standards relevant to OSI (Open System Interconnection) protocols is part of the osi-protocols FAQ which is posted to comp.protocols.iso. Some of these standards are also available from ECMA or ITU. The ECMA or ITU text is not always 100% identical, but usually "technically aligned". If you want to be sure what the most official version is, order ISO, if you can't afford ISO, try the free or at least cheaper ECMA or ITU version. ISO 646 Good ol' 7-bit ASCII with national variants [ECMA-6] IEC 824 Terminology related to microprocessors ISO 2022 ESC sequences for switching between various character sets [ECMA-35] ISO 2382 Information technology -- Vocabulary ISO 3166 Codes for the representation of names of countries. This standard defines a 2-letter, a 3-letter and a numeric code for each country on this planet. E.g. US/USA/840= United States, DE/DEU/276=Germany, GB/GBR/826=United Kingdom, FR/FRA/250=France, ...) The 2-letter codes are well known in the Internet as top-level domain names. The 3-letter versions are often used at international sports events. ISO 4217 Codes for the representation of currencies and funds ISO 5218 Representation of human sexes Sex is represented by a one-character language independent numerical code: 0=not known, 1=male, 2=female, 9=not specified. The standard also specifies, that "no significance is to be placed on the fact that 'Male' is coded '1' and 'Female' is coded '2'. This standard was developed based upon predominant practice of the countries involved and does not convey any meaning of importance, ranking or any other basis that could imply discrimination." :-) ISO 6429 ASCII Control Codes. Subsets of these are also known as VT100/VT320/ANSI escape sequences. [ECMA-48] ISO 6709 Representation of latitude, longitude and altitude of geographic positions ISO 7816 Chip cards. Specifies the dimensions, connector locations, electrical specifications, the lower layer protocol format (bidirectional 9600 bits/s async. serial) and the format of some common data packets of smart cards. ISO 8601 Representation of dates and times. This standard defines a lot of details of the calendar. E.g. the ISO definition of the week numbers is that the first day (day number 1) of a week is Monday and that the first week in a year (week number 1) is the week that includes the first Thursday in January, i.e. the first week that has at least four days in January. Other definitions are, e.g., that hours of a day are counted from 0 to 24 and that the international notation of dates is the Bigendian format year-month-day, e.g. 1993-04-17 and that for time is e.g. 20:36:04 (hh:mm:ss). There are also string formats for computer applications specified that have to represent date and time in files and protocol packets. (See ftp.uni-erlangen.de:pub/doc/ISO/ISO8601.ps.Z for a very detailed summary.) ISO 8632 Computer Graphics Metafile (CGM). This standard defines a file format for 2D vector graphics. Part 1 defines the graphic elements (lines, filled polygons, text, colors, ...) that may appear in a CGM and the other parts define 3 different encodings for these graphic elements: Character encoding: compact ASCII encoding, useful if CGM files have to be transported over not binary-transparent channels (e.g. e-mail, character set converter) Binary encoding: this is the most often implemented CGM encoding, because it is both efficient and easy to implement. Clear text encoding: a human readable textual encoding. This standard format might be exactly what you need if you want to store pictures that can be drawn by the usual graphic library functions (move, line, set_color, set_linestyle, ...) in an resolution-independend way. The format is simple and easy to understand. The new 1992 revision of the CGM standard contains many additional graphic elements (splines, rendering options for ends and joins of thick lines, several color models, high quality fonts, grouping of graphical elements, ...) that make this format capable of storing images with the quality you are used to get from Postscript, Corel Draw, Framemaker, etc. The main difference between CGM and Postscript is that Postscript is a full programming language while CGM is just a simple list of graphical elements which makes CGM suitable for reediting. ISO 8652 The Ada programming language ISO 8859 Several 8-bit ASCII extensions. Especially ISO 8859-1, the "Latin alphabet No. 1" has become widely implemented and may already be seen as the de-facto standard ASCII replacement. ISO 8859-1 west European languages (Latin-1) ISO 8859-2 east European languages (Latin-2) ISO 8859-3 other Latin languages (Latin-3) ISO 8859-4 north European languages (Latin-4) ISO 8859-5 Latin/Cyrillic ISO 8859-6 Latin/Arabic ISO 8859-7 Latin/Greek ISO 8859-8 Latin/Hebrew ISO 8859-9 Latin-1 modification for Turkey (Latin-5) ISO 8859-10 Baltic countries (under preparation) [ECMA-94, ECMA-113, ECMA-114, ECMA-118, ECMA-121, ECMA-128, ECMA-144] ISO 8879 Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML), a format for storing documents together with their logical structure and perhaps layout information in a standardized way. (see also USENET group comp.text.sgml) ISO 9127 User documentation and cover information for consumer software packages ISO 9592 Programmer's Hierarchical Interactive Graphics Interface (PHIGS) ISO 9593 PHIGS Language Bindings (Fortran, Pascal, Ada, C) ISO 9541 Font and Character Information Interchange ISO 9636 Graphical device interfaces ISO 9660 CD-ROM volume and file structure [ECMA 119] ISO 9899 The C programming language ISO 9945 UNIX style system calls and shell commands (POSIX) ISO 10646 A 32-bit character set called UCS containing (nearly) all characters used on this planet that will hopefully solve most of the character set troubles with computers one day. Today only the 16-bit subset UCS-2 has been defined, also known as 'Unicode' that is expected to become pretty popular soon and will be supported by Windows NT, Plan 9 and other new operating systems. ISO 10744 HyTime -- A hypertext/multimedia extension to SGML ISO 10918 Still image data compression standard (JPEG) ISO 11172 Digital video/audio compression and encoding (MPEG) ISO 12083 Standardized SGML document type definitions for books, articles with tables, formulaes, etc. ISO standards of general relevance ---------------------------------- (Of course, there are a more then 10 000 of them, so this list will always contain only a few of the more well-known international standards.) ISO 3 Preferred numbers Especially in engineering applications, where a designer often has to choose an arbitrary dimension (e.g. the length of a part) within a range, it might be useful to have some 'preferred numbers' defined that should be preferred in these situations. These are 1, 1.6, 2.5, 4, 6.3 which might be multiplied or divided by 10 as often as necessary and should be used together with SI (metric) units. The above simplest set of preferred numbers devides the range from 1 to 10 with 5 numbers. There are also supersets with more numbers defined, e.g. 1, 1.25, 1.6, 2, 2.5, 3.15, 4, 5, 6.3, 8. This standard is perhaps less relevant in computer science, where programmers traditionally use the powers of two (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, ...) multiplied by 1, 3 or 5 as 'preferred numbers'. [Warning: using only powers of 2 in software, e.g. as array sizes, can also have disadvantages such as reduced cache efficiency.] ISO 9 Transliteration of Slavic Cyrillic characters into Latin characters ISO 31 The international system of physical quantities, units and symbols (the "metric system") ISO 216 Paper sizes -- A and B series ISO 233 Transliteration of Arabic characters into Latin characters ISO 259 Transliteration of Hebrew characters into Latin characters ISO 269 Correspondence envelope sizes ISO 639 Code for the representation of names of languages (e.g., en=English, de=German, and several hundred others) ISO 838 Paper holes for general filing purposes ISO 1000 SI units and recommendations for the use of their multiples and of certain other units. ISO 2108 International standard book number (ISBN) ISO 3602 Romanization of Japanese (kana script) ISO 5966 Presentation of scientific and technical reports ISO 7000 Graphical symbols for use on equipment ISO 7001 Public information symbols ISO 7098 Romanization of Chinese ISO 7144 Presentation of theses and similar documents ISO 9000 Quality management and quality assurance (also ISO 9001 - ISO 9004). ISO 11180 Postal addressing. A collection of postal address formats and rules covering the requirements of various countries. Some ITU-T/CCITT recommendations -------------------------------- E.123 A notation for international telephone numbers (a '+' followed by the country code, followed by a space, ...) E.163 The international telephone numbering plan defining the structure of the phone number system and defining the country codes (e.g. 1=USA/Canada/etc., 49=Germany, ...). H.261 Video telephony standard X.25 An interface to a public or private packet data network X.3/X.28/ Specification of a device (PAD) that allows to connect X.29 asynchronous ASCII terminals to X.25 networks. X.3 defines the parameters that allow to control the PAD operation, X.28 specifies the command language offered to the terminal user and X.29 is the protocol used by the PAD over X.25. V.21 Duplex 300 bits/s modem modulation. V.22 Duplex 1200 bits/s modem modulation. V.22bis Duplex 2400 bits/s modem modulation. V.32 Duplex modem modulation up to 9600 bits/s. V.32bis Duplex modem modulation up to 14400 bits/s. V.34 Duplex modem modulation up to 28800 bits/s. This is currently expected to be the final analog telephone transmission standard, because theoretical limits of the phone bandwidth have been reached. V.42 HDLC based error correction protocol for modems. V.42bis Lempel-Ziv based data compression algorithm for HDLC protocols. and many more (e.g. the I.xxx recommandations about ISDN) ... See chapter 'How can I get electronic versions of CCITT/ITU-T recommendations?' for information about where to get the full list and some of these texts. ISO paper sizes --------------- The paper formats defined by ISO in the A, B and C series are used today in nearly all countries apart from North America. The formats have been determined according to the following rules: - A0 has an area of one square meter. - The aspect ratio of all members of the A, B and C-series is sqrt(2) = 1.41421... - You get the next higher format by cutting the paper in two equal pieces parallel to the shorter side. This results again in a 1 : sqrt(2) format (that's the big advantage of this format). - The size of a B-series paper is the geometric mean between the size of the corresponding A-series paper and the next bigger A-series paper. E.g. B1 is between A1 and A0. - The size of a C-series paper is the geometric mean between the size of the A-series and B-series paper with the same number. This means that the following formulas give the dimensions in meters: Width Height A-series 2 ^ (- 1/4 - n/2) 2 ^ (1/4 - n/2) B-series 2 ^ ( - n/2) 2 ^ (1/2 - n/2) C-series 2 ^ (- 1/8 - n/2) 2 ^ (3/8 - n/2) Larger sizes have smaller numbers. Sizes larger than those with n = 0 are written as 2 A0 and 4 A0 rather than A(-1) and A(-2). The following table lists the official definitions of the paper sizes which are the values from the above formulas rounded more-or-less to an integral number of millimeters: 4 A0 1682 x 2378 2 A0 1189 x 1682 A0 841 x 1189 B0 1000 x 1414 C0 917 x 1297 A1 594 x 841 B1 707 x 1000 C1 648 x 917 A2 420 x 594 B2 500 x 707 C2 458 x 648 A3 297 x 420 B3 353 x 500 C3 324 x 458 A4 210 x 297 B4 250 x 353 C4 229 x 324 A5 148 x 210 B5 176 x 250 C5 162 x 229 A6 105 x 148 B6 125 x 176 C6 114 x 162 A7 74 x 105 B7 88 x 125 C7 81 x 114 A8 52 x 74 B8 62 x 88 C8 57 x 81 A9 37 x 52 B9 44 x 62 C9 40 x 57 A10 26 x 37 B10 31 x 44 C10 28 x 40 The most popular sizes are perhaps: A0 technical drawings A4 letters, magazines, documents A5 books C4,C5,C6 envelopes B4,A3 supported by many copy machines, newspapers There are also strip formats possible, e.g. 1/3 A4 99 x 210 2/3 A4 198 x 210 1/4 A4 74 x 210 1/8 A4 37 x 210 1/4 A3 105 x 297 1/3 A5 70 x 148 etc. All these formats are paper end formats, i.e. these are the dimensions of the paper delivered to the user/reader. Other standards define slightly bigger paper sizes for applications where the paper will be cut to the end format later (e.g. after binding). The ISO DL envelope format has the dimensions 220 x 110 millimeters. (The values have been copied from DIN 476 (Dec 1976) which is the German version of the ISO 216 standard). What is ISO 9000? ----------------- Q. I've seen recently announcements of several big companies in newspapers, where they tell their customers that they now conform to ISO 9000. What is ISO 9000? A. A standard for the development process of a product. Q. Why has ISO 9000 been written and what does it mean if a company claims to conform to ISO 9000 ? A. I think, it means that the product which carries the ISO 9000 certified mark has undergone a well-defined, well-engineered, well-monitored design/development/testing/production process. (This in turn is expected to imply that the product is not a result of some hap-hazard development and thus is of a superior quality.) The agency which registers a product as ISO registered expects that the business produce a "Quality Manual". They verify the manual against the ISO 9000 standards. Then they verify that the design/development/test etc. processes closely agree with what is mentioned in the Quality Manual, recommend corrective actions, if any, and after a few periodic (at least 6 monthly) assesments certify the product as an ISO 9000 registered product. Q. A few practical examples? Basically, it results in "Document everything you do" and "Do what you have documented". It is expected that there will be a documented procedure for everything that is done in the design/development/testing of a product. The ISO inspectors are quite meticulous about these things. (I heard some of the ISO coordinators relating there experiences.) Key changes needed: o Training of the full time personnel to understand ISO 9000 standards, ISO Audit, etc. o Alerting all the employees of upcoming ISO audits and having periodic educational talks on how to work in a ISO framework. o Slowly changing the work habits of the employees so that: They do what is documented and the document says exactly what they are doing. Key considerations: o Financial commitment involved in getting ISO registed. (Close to $20k per product over a 2 year period in external costs + internal costs in training people work hours lost during the audits (3-5 days a years) + cost of the QC department). [Figures based on UL's ISO 9000 registration figures.] o Will the employees be happily willing to work in this tight "document everything you do" framework? Advantages: o "ISO approved" seems to be a green signal for the European customers to buy a product. If ISO 9000 is forseen as a "way to go" for the future in US/World then it would be a good idea to start early. [I wish to thank Sandeep Phadke , who attended a seminar on ISO 9000 recently, for this USENET interview.] You'll find a more detailed and precise explanation of ISO 9000 with anonymous ftp in ftp.uni-erlangen.de:pub/doc/ISO/ISO-9000-summary. This is perhaps the most interesting file about ISO 9000 of those that you may get by sending the lines GET ISONEWS F02 GET ISONEWS F03 [...] GET ISONEWS F11 to LISTSERV@PUCC.PRINCETON.EDU, a mail server. What's the address of my national standards body? ------------------------------------------------- The address of the ISO headquarters is: International Organization for Standardization Case postale 56 1, rue de Varembé CH-1211 Genève 20 Switzerland national (022) 749 01 11 (In correct and complete Telephone ------------------------------- CCITT E.123 notation :-) international +41 22 749 01 11 Telefax +41 22 733 34 30 Telex 41 22 05 iso ch Telegrams isorganiz And here comes a list of the current 91 member bodies of ISO. According to ISO regulations, only one organization "most representative of standardization in its country" is allowed to be ISO member body in each country. Revisions to the following addresses are announced in the monthly ISO Bulletin. The author of this FAQ has currently no access to the ISO Bulletin, so it is up to the better informed reader whether this list will stay up to date. The addresses in this list are from the official ISO member list from september 1992 and have been typed in as an 8-bit ISO 8859-1 Latin 1 file by Inge A. Suhr. Each Organization with a '*' is a sales agent for ISO publications in its country. The names of the countries are given in both English and French (seems to be an old ISO tradition ;-). TP = Telephone TF = Telefax TX = Telex TG = Telegrams Albania/Albanie (DSMA) *Drejtoria e Standardeve dhe e Mjeteve Martësë në Ministrinë e Ekonomisë Bulevardi: Dëshmorët e Kombit TIRANA TF 2 62 55 TX 42 95 koplan ab TG standardi tirana Algeria/Algérie (INAPI) *Institut algérien de normalisation et de propriété industrielle 5, rue Abou Hamou Moussa B.P. 1021 - Centre de tri ALGER TP +213 2 63 51 80 TF +213 2 61 09 71 TX 6 64 09 inapi dz TG inapi-alger Argentina/Argentine (IRAM) Instituto Argentino de Racionalización de Materiales Chile 1192 1098 BUENOS AIRES TP +54 1 383 37 51 TF +54 1 383 84 63 TX 2 60 86 iflex ar Australia/Australie (SAA) *Standards Association of Australia P.O. Box 1055, STRATHFIELD - N.S.W. 2135 TP +61 2 746 47 00 TF +61 2 746 84 50 TX 2 65 14 astan aa TG austandard north sydney Austria/Autriche (ON) *Österreichisches Normungsinstitut Heinestraße 38 Postfach 130 A-1021 WIEN TP +43 1 26 75 35 TF +43 1 26 75 52 TX 11 59 60 norm a TG austrianorm Bangladesh (BSTI) *Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution 116-A, Tejgaon Industrial Area DHAKA-1208 TP +880 2 88 14 62 TG besteye Belgium/Belgique (IBN) *Institut belge de normalisation Av. de la Brabançonne 29 B-1040 BRUXELLES TP +32 2 734 92 05 TF +32 2 733 42 64 TX 2 38 77 benor b TG benor Brazil/Brésil (ABNT) *Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas Av. 13 de Maio, nº 13-28º andar Caixa Postal 1680 CEP: 20.003 - RIO DE JANEIRO-RJ TP +55 21 210 31 22 TF +55 21 532 21 43 TX 213 43 33 abnt br TG normatécnica rio Bulgaria/Bulgarie (BDS) *Comité de normalisation certification et métrologie auprès du Conseil des Ministres 21, rue du 6-Septembre 1000 SOFIA TP +359 2 85 91 TF +359 2 80 14 02 TX 2 25 70 dks bg TG techprogress Canada (SCC) *Standards Council of Canada 45 O'Connor Street, Suite 1200 OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1P 6N7 TP +1 613 238 32 22 TF +1 613 995 45 64 TX 053 44 03 stancan ott TG stancan ottawa Chile/Chili (INN) Instituto Nacional de Normalización Matías Cousiño 64-6º piso Casilla 995 - Correo Central SANTIAGO TP +56 2 696 81 44 TF +56 2 696 02 47 TG inn China/Chine (CSBTS) China State Bureau of Technical Supervision 4, Zhi Chun Road Haidian District P.O. Box 8010 BEIJING TP +86 1 202 58 35 TF +86 1 203 10 10 TG 1918 beijing Colombia/Colombie (ICONTEC) *Instituto Colombiano de Normas Técnicas Carrea 37 No. 52-95, Edificio ICONTEC P.O. Box 14237 SANTAFÉ DE BOGOTA TP +57 1 222 05 71 TF +57 1 222 14 35 TG icontec Croatia, Rep. of/Croatie, Rép. de State Department for Standardization and Metrology of Croatia Avenija Vukovar 78 41000 ZAGREB TP +385 41 633 444 TF +385 41 536 598 Cuba (NC) *Comité Estatal de Normalización Egido 610 entre Gloria y Apodaca Zona postal 2 LA HABANA TF +53 7 62 15 03 TF +53 7 62 76 57 TX 51 22 45 cen cu TG cen havana Cyprus/Chypre (CYS) Cyprus Organization for Standards and Control of Quality Ministry of Commerce and Industry NICOSIA TP +357 2 30 34 41 TF +357 2 36 61 20 TX 22 83 mincomin cy TG mincommind nicosia Czech and Slovak Federal (still?) Republic/République fédérative tchéque et slovaque (CSN) *Federal Office for Standards and Measurements Václavské námesti 19 113 47 PRAHA 1 TP +42 2 235 21 52 TF +42 2 26 57 95 TX 12 19 48 funm c TG normalizace Denmark/Danemark (DS) *Dansk Standardiseringsraad Baunegaardsvej 73 DK-2900 HELLERUP TP +45 39 77 01 01 TF +45 39 77 02 02 TX 11 92 03 ds stand TG danskstandard Email ds@itc.dk Egypt, Arab Republic of/ Égypte, Rép. arabe d' (EOS) *Egyptian Organization for Standardization and Quality Control 2 Latin America Street Garden City CAIRO TP +20 2 354 97 20 TF +20 2 355 78 41 TX 9 32 96 eos un TG tawhid Ethiopia/Éthiopie (ESA) *Ethiopian Authority for Standardization P.O. Box 2310 ADDIS ABABA TP +251 1 18 51 06 TX 2 17 25 ethsa et TG ethiostan Finland/Finlande (SFS) *Suomen Standardisoimisliitto SFS P.O. Box 116 SF-00241 HELSINKI TP +358 0149 93 31 TF +358 0146 49 25 TX 12 23 03 stand sf TG finnstandard France (AFNOR) *Association française de normalisation Tour Europe Cedex 7 F-92049 PARIS LA DÉFENSE TP +331 42 91 55 55 TF +331 42 91 56 56 TX 61 19 74 afnor f TG afnor courbevoie Germany/Allemagne (DIN) *DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung Burggrafenstraße 6 D-10787 BERLIN TP +49 30 26 01 0 TF +49 30 26 01 12 31 TX 18 42 73 din d TG deutschnormen berlin Ghana (GSB) *Ghana Standards Board P.O. Box M-245 ACCRA TP +233 21 66 26 06 TX 25 45 mincom gh TG stanbord Greece/Grèce (ELOT) *Hellenic Organization for Standardization 313, Acharnon Street GR-111 45 ATHENS TP +30 1 201 50 25 TF +30 1 202 07 76 TX 21 96 70 elot gr TG elotyp-athens Hungary/Hongrie (MSZH) *Magyar Szabványügyi Hivatal 1450 BUDAPEST 9 Pf.24. TP +36 1 118 30 11 TF +36 1 118 51 25 TX 22 57 23 norm h TG normhungaria budapest India/Inde (BIS) *Bureau of Indian Standards Manak Bhavan 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg NEW DEHLI 110002 TP +91 11 331 79 91 TF +91 11 331 40 62 TX 316 58 70 bis in TG manaksanstha Indonesia/Indonésie (DSN) *Dewan Standardisasi Nasional - DSN (Standardization Council of Indonesia) Sasana Widya Sarwono Lt. 5 Jalan Jend. Gatot Subroto 10 JAKARTA 12710 TP +62 21 520 66 74 TF +62 21 520 72 26 TX 6 28 75 pdii ia TG lipi jakarta Iran, Islamic Rep. of/ Rép. islamique d' (ISIRI) *Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran Ministry of Industry P.O. Box 15875-4618 TEHRAN TP +98 21 89 93 08 TF +98 21 89 53 05 TX 21 27 96 inmi ir TG standinst Iraq (COSQC) Central Organization for Standardization and Quality Control Ministry of Planning P.O. Box 13032 Aljadiria BAGHDAD TP +964 1 776 51 80 TF +964 1 776 57 81 TX 21 35 05 cosqc TG iros baghdad Ireland/Irlande (NSAI) *National Standards Authority of Ireland Glasnevin DUBLIN-9 TP +353 1 37 01 01 TF +353 1 36 98 21 TX 3 25 01 iirs ei TG research, dublin Iceland/Islande (STRI) Islandic Council for Standardization Technological Institute of Iceland Keldnaholt IS-112 REYKJAVIK TP +354 1 68 70 00 TF +354 1 68 74 09 TX 30 20 istech is Israel/Israël (SII) *Standards Institution of Israel 42 Chaim Levanon Street TEL AVIV 69977 TP +972 3 646 51 54 TF +972 3 641 96 83 TX 3 55 08 siit il TG standardis Italy/Italie (UNI) *Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione Via Battistotti Sassi 11 I-20133 MILANO TP +39 2 70 02 41 TF +39 2 70 10 61 06 TX 31 24 81 uni i TG unificazione Jamaica/Jamaïque (JBS) *Jamaica Bureau of Standards 6 Winchester Road P.O. Box 113 KINGSTON 10 TP +500 809 926 31 40-6 TF +500 809 921 53 29 TX 22 91 stanbur TG stanbureau jamaica Japan/Japon (JISC) *Japanese Industrial Standards Committee c/o Standards Department Agency of Industrial Science and Technology Ministry of International Trade and Industry 1-3-1, Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku TOKYO 100 TP +81 3 35 01 92 95/6 TF +81 3 35 80 14 18 TX 02 42 42 45 jsatyo j TG mitijisc tokyo For sales information in Japan also: Japan Standards Association (JSA) 1-24 Akasaka, 4-Chome, Minato-Ku TOKYO 107 Japan/Japon TP +81 3 35 82 89 68 TF +81 3 35 86 20 14 Kenya (KEBS) *Kenya Bureau of Standards Off Mombassa Road Behind Belle Vue Cinema P.O. Box 54974 NAIROBI TP +254 2 50 22 10/19 TX 2 52 52 viwango TG kenstand Korea, Dem. P. Rep. of/ Corée, Rép. dém. p. de (CSK) Committee for Standardization of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea Zung Gu Yok Seungli-Street PYONGYANG TP +57 15 76 TX 59 72 tech kp TG standard Korea, Rep. of/ Corée, Rép. de (KBS) *Bureau of Standards Industrial Advancement Administration 2, Chungang-dong, Kwachon-city KYONGGI-DO 427-010 TP +82 2 503 79 28 TF +82 2 503 79 41 TX 2 84 56 fincen k TG koreaiaa Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/ Jamahiriya Arabe Libyenne (LNCSM) Libyan National Centre for Standardization and Metrology Industrial Research Centre Building P.O. Box 5178 TRIPOLI TP +218 21 469 37 TF +218 21 469 37 TX 205 49 ncsm Malaysia/Malaisie (SIRIM) Standards and Industrial Research Institute of Malaysia Persiaran Dato' Menteri, Section 2 P.O. Box 7035, 40911 Sha Alam SELANGOR DARUL EHSAN TP +60 3 559 26 01 TF +60 3 550 80 95 TX ma 3 86 72 TG sirimsec shah alam Mexico/Mexique (DGN) *Dirección General de Normas Calle Puente de Tecamachalco N.º 6 Lomas de Tecamachalco Sección Fuentes Naucalpan de Juárez 53 950 MEXICO TP +52 5 520 84 94 TF +52 5 540 51 53 TX 177 58 40 imceme TG secofi/147 Mongolia/Mongolie (MNIS) Mongolian National Institute for Standardization ULAANBAATAR 37 TP +3 29 30 TX 79233 mnis mn TG ust ulaanbaatar 37 mn Morocco/Maroc (SNIMA) Service de normalisation industrielle marocaine 1, place Sefrou (Tour Hassan) RABAT TP +212 72 45 30 TX 3 18 72 Netherlands/Pays-Bas (NNI) *Nederlands Normalisatie-Instituut Kalfjeslaan 2 P.O. Box 5059 2600 GB DELFT TP +31 15 69 03 90 TF +31 15 69 01 90 TX 3 81 44 nni nl TG normalisatie delft New Zealand/Nouvelle-Zélande (SANZ) *Standards Association of New Zealand Private Bag WELLINGTON TP +64 4 384 21 08 TF +64 4 384 39 38 TX 38 50 sanz nz TG standards Norway/Norvège (NSF) *Norges Standardiseringsforbund Postboks 7020 Homansbyen N-0306 OSLO 3 TP +47 2 46 60 94 TF +47 2 46 44 57 TX 1 90 50 nsf n TG standardisering Pakistan (PSI) *Pakistan Standards Institution 39 Garden Road, Saddar KARACHI-74400 TP +92 21 772 95 27 TF +92 21 772 95 27 TG peyasai Philippines (BPS) *Bureau of Product Standards Department of Trade and Industry 361 Sen. Gil. J. Puyat Avenue Makati METRO MANILA 3117 TP +63 2 818 57 01 TF +63 2 817 98 70 TX 1 48 30 mti ps TG philstand manila Poland/Pologne (PKNMIJ) *Polish Committee for Standardization, Measures and Quality Control UI. Elektoralna 2 00-139 WARSZAWA TP +48 22 20 54 34 TF +48 22 20 83 78 TX 81 36 42 pkn pl TG pekanim Portugal (IPQ) *Instituto Português da Qualidade Rua José Estêvão, 83-A P-1199 LISBOA CODEX TP +351 1 52 39 78 TF +351 1 53 00 33 TX 1 30 42 qualit p Romania/Roumanie (IRS) *Institut roumain de normalisation 13, rue Jean-Lois Calderon Code 70201 BUCAREST 2 TP +400 11 14 40 TF +400 12 08 23 TX 1 13 12 irs ro Russian Federation/ Fédération de Russie (GOST) State Committee for Standardization, Metrology and Certification Leninsky Prospekt 9 MOSKVA 117049 TP +7 095 236 40 44 TF +7 095 236 82 09 TX 41 13 78 gost su TG moskva standart Saudi Arabia/ Arabie Saoudite (SASO) *Saudi Arabian Standards Organization P.O. Box 3437 RIYADH - 11471 TP +966 1 479 30 46 TF +966 1 479 30 63 TX 40 16 10 saso sj TG giasy Singapore/Singapour (SISIR) *Singapore Institute of Standards and Industrial Research 1 Science Park Drive SINGAPORE 0511 TP +65 778 77 77 TF +65 778 00 86 TX rs 2 84 99 sisir TG sisir Slovenia, Rep. of/Slovénie, Rép. de (SMIS) Standards and Metrology Institute of Slovenia Ministry of Science and Technology Slovenska 50 61000 LJUBLJANA TP +38 61 11 11 07 TF +38 61 12 42 88 South Africa, Rep. of/ Afrique du Sud, Rép. d' (SABS) *South African Bureau of Standards Private Bag X191 PRETORIA 0001 TP +27 12 428 79 11 TF +27 12 344 15 68 TX 32 13 08 sa TG comparator Spain/Espagne (AENOR) Asociación Española de Normalización y Certificación Calle Fernández de la Hoz, 52 E-28010 MADRID TP +34 1 310 48 51 TF +34 1 310 49 76 TX 4 65 45 unor e TG aenor Sri Lanka (SLSI) *Sri Lanka Standards Institution 53 Dharmapala Mawatha P.O. Box 17 COLOMBO 3 TP +94 1 22 60 51 TF +94 1 44 60 18 TG pramika Sweden/Suède (SIS) *SIS - Standardiseringskommissionen i Sverige Box 3295 S-103 66 STOCKHOLM TP +46 8 613 52 00 TF +46 8 11 70 35 TX 1 74 53 sis s TG standardis Switzerland/Suisse (SNV) *Swiss Association for Standardization Mülebachstr. 54 CH-8008 ZÜRICH TP +41 1 254 54 54 TF +41 1 254 54 74 TX 75 59 31 snv ch TG normbureau Syria/Syrie (SASMO) *Syrian Arab Organization for Standardization and Metrology P.O. Box 11836 DAMASCUS TP +963 11 45 05 38 TF +41 19 99 sasmo TG systand Tanzania/Tanzanie (TBS) *Tanzania Bureau of Standards P.O. Box 9524 DAR ES SALAAM TP +255 51 4 80 51 TF +255 51 4 80 51 TX 4 16 67 tbs tz TG standards Thailand/Thaïlande (TISI) *Thai Industrial Standards Institute Minstry of Industry Rama IV Street BANGKOK 10400 TP +66 2 245 78 02 TF +66 2 247 87 41 TX 8 43 75 minidus th (attention tisi) TH thastan Trinidad and Tobago/ Tinité-et-Tobago (TTBS) *Trinidad and Tobago Bureau of Standards P.O. Box 467 PORT OF SPAIN TP +1 809 662 88 27 TF +1 809 663 43 35 TG qualassure Tunisia/Tunisie (INNORPI) Institut national de la normalisation et de la propriété industrielle B.P. 23 1012 TUNIS-BELVÉDÈRE TP +216 1 78 59 22 TF +216 1 78 15 63 TX 1 36 02 inorpi tn Turkey/Turquie (TSE) *Türk Standardlari Enstitüsü Necatibey Cad. 112 Bakanliklar 06100 ANKARA TP +90 4 417 83 30 TF +90 4 125 43 99 TX 4 20 47 tse-tr TG standard United Kingdom/ Royaume-Uni (BSI) *British Standards Institution 2 Park Street GB-LONDON W1A 2BS TP +44 71 629 90 00 TF +44 71 629 05 06 TX 35 69 33 bsilon g TG standards london w.1 Uruguay (UNIT) Instituto Uruguayo de Normas Técnicas San José 1031 P.7 Galeria Elysée MONTEVIDEO TP +598 2 91 20 48 TF +598 2 92 16 81 TX 2 31 68 ancap uy USA (ANSI) *American National Standards Institute 11 West 42nd Street 13th floor NEW YORK, N.Y. 10036 TP +1 212 642 49 00 TF +1 212 398 00 23 TX 42 42 96 ansi ui TG standards, new york Venezuela (COVENIN) *Comisión Venezolana de Normas Industriales Avda. Andrés Bello Edf. Torre Fondo Común Piso 12 CARACAS 1050 TP +58 2 575 22 98 TF +58 2 574 13 12 TX 2 42 35 minfo vc TG covenindus Viet Nam, Socialist Republic of/ République socialiste du (TCVN) General Department for Standardization, Metrology and Quality 70, Tran Hung Dao Street Box 81 HANOI TP +84 4 266220 TF +84 8 267418 TX 41 22 87 ukkn vt TG vinastand Yugoslavia/Yougoslavie (SZS) *Savezni zavod za standardizaciju Slobodana Penezica Krcuna br. 35 Post Pregr. 933 YU-11000 BEOGRAD TP +38 11 64 40 66 TF +38 11 235 10 36 TX 1 20 89 jus yu TG standardizacija Zimbabwe (SAZ) Standards Association of Zimbabwe P.O. Box 2259 HARARE TP +263 4 70 60 52 TG saca Correspondent members "A correspondent member is normally an organization in a developing country which does not yet have its own national standards body. Correspondent members do not take an active part in the technical work, but are entitled to be kept fully informed about the work of interest to them. Nearly all the present correspondent members are governmental institutions." [from: ISO member list] Bahrain Directorate of Standards and Metrology Ministry of Commerce and Agriculture P.O. Box 5479 BAHRAIN TP +973 53 01 00 TF +973 53 04 55 TX 91 71 tejara bn Barbados/Barbade Barbados National Standards Institution (BNSI) "Flodden" Culloden Road ST. MICHAEL TP +500 809 426 38 70 TF +500 809 436 14 95 TX barstand, barbados Brunei Darussalam/ Brunéi Darussalam Construction Planning and Research Unit Ministry of Development NEGARA BRUNEI DARUSSALAM TP +673 2 24 20 33 TF +673 2 24 22 67 TX 27 22 midev bu TG midevbrunei Hong Kong Industry Department Hong Kong Government 14/F. Ocean Centre 5 Canton Road Kowloon HONG KONG TP +852 829 48 24 TF +852 824 13 02 TX 5 01 51 indhk hx Jordan/Jordanie Directorate of Standards and Measures Ministry of Industry and Trade P.O. Box 2019 AMMAN TP +962 6 66 31 91 TF +962 6 60 37 21 TX 2 11 63 mintr jo Kuwait/Koweït Standards and Metrology Department Ministry of Commerce and Industry Post Box No. 2944 Safat 13030 KUWAIT TF +965 242 44 11 TX 2 26 82 commind kt Republic of Lithuania/ République de Lituanie Lithuanian State Standardization Office (LST) A. Jaksto g. 1/25 2600 VILNIUS TP +7 012 222 69 62 TF +7 012 222 62 52 Madagascar Direction de la qualité et de la métrologie légale B.P. 1316 101 ANTANANARIVO TP +261 2 238 60 TX 22 378 min co mg Malawi Malawi Bureau of Standards P.O. Box 946 BLANTYRE TP +265 67 04 88 TF +265 67 07 56 TX 4 43 25 TG standards Mali Direction nationale des Industries du Mali Ministère de l'économie et des finances B.P. 278 BAMAKO TP +223 22 57 56 TF +223 22 88 53 TX 2559 mj Malta/Malte Malta Board of Standards Department of Industry St. George's Cannon Road SANTA VENERA TP +356 44 62 50 TF +356 44 62 57 Mauritius/Ile Maurice Mauritius Standards Bureau Ministry of Industry and Industrial Technology REDUIT TP +230 454 19 33 TF +230 464 11 44 TX 42 49 extern iw Nepal/Népal Nepal Bureau of Standards and Metrology B.P. Box 985 Sundhara KATHMANDU TP +977 1 27 26 89 TG gunis Oman, Sultanate of/Sultanat d' Directorate General for Specifications and Measurements Ministry of Commerce and Industry P.O. Box 550 MUSCAT TP +968 70 47 83 TF +968 79 59 92 TX 36 65 wizara on TG wizarah Papua New Guinea/ Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée (PNGS) National Standards Council P.O. Box 3042 BOROKO TP +675 27 21 02 TF +675 25 24 03 Seychelles, Rep. of/Rép. des Department of Industry P.O. Box 648 Bel Eau MAHE TP +248 2 50 60 TF +248 2 50 86 TX 24 22 ind sz Uganda/Ouganda Uganda National Bureau of Standards P.O. Box 6329 KAMPALA TP +256 41 25 86 69 TG mincom kampala United Arab Emirates/ Émirats Arabes Unis Directorate of Standardization and Metrology P.O. Box 433 ABU DHABI TP +971 2 72 60 00 TF +971 2 77 33 01 TX 2 29 37 fedfin em List of ISO technical committees -------------------------------- [Thanks to Erik Naggum for typing this list] ISO/IEC JTC 1 Information technology ISO/IEC JTC 1/WG 3 Open electronic data interchange ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 1 Vocabulary ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2 Character sets and information coding ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 6 Telecommunications and information exchange between systems ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 7 Software engineering ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 11 Flexible magnetic media for digital data interchange ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 14 Representation fo data elements ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 15 Labelling and file structure ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 17 Identification cards and related devices ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 18 Document processing and related communicatio ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 21 Information retrieval, transfer and management for open systems interconnection ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22 Languages ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 23 Optical disk cartridges for information interchange ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 24 Computer graphics and image processing ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 25 Interconnection of information technology equipment ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 26 Microprocessor systems ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 27 Security techniques ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 28 Office equipment ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 Coded representation of picture, audio and multimedia/hypermedia information ISO TC 1 Screw threads ISO TC 2 Fasteners ISO TC 3 Limits and fits ISO TC 4 Rolling bearings ISO TC 6 Paper, board and pulps ISO TC 7 ISO TC 8 Shipbuilding and marine structures ISO TC 9 ISO TC 10 Technical drawings, product definition and related documentation ISO TC 11 Boilers and pressure vessels ISO TC 12 Quantities, units, symbols, conversion factors and conversion tables ISO TC 13 ISO TC 14 Shafts for machinery and accesories ISO TC 15 ISO TC 16 ISO TC 17 Methods of determination of chemical composition ISO TC 18 ISO TC 19 Preferred numbers ISO TC 20 Aircraft and space vehicles ISO TC 21 Equipement for fire protection and fire fighting ISO TC 22 Road vehicles ISO TC 23 Tractors and machinery for agriculture and forestry ISO TC 24 Sieves, sieving and other sizing methods ISO TC 25 Cast iron and pig iron ISO TC 26 Copper and copper alloys ISO TC 27 Solid mineral fuels ISO TC 28 Petroleum products and lubricants ISO TC 29 Small tools ISO TC 30 Measurement of fluid flow in closed conduits ISO TC 31 Tyres, rims and valves ISO TC 32 ISO TC 33 Refractories ISO TC 34 Agricultural food products ISO TC 35 Paints and varnishes ISO TC 36 Cinematography ISO TC 37 Terminology (principles and coordination) ISO TC 38 Textiles ISO TC 39 Machine tools ISO TC 40 ISO TC 41 Pulleys and belts (including veebelts) ISO TC 42 Photography ISO TC 43 Acoustics ISO TC 44 Wielding and allied processes ISO TC 45 Rubber and rubber products ISO TC 46 Information and documentation ISO TC 47 Chemistry ISO TC 48 Laboratory glassware and related apparatus ISO TC 49 ISO TC 50 ISO TC 51 Pallets for unit load method of materials handling ISO TC 52 Light guage metal containers ISO TC 53 ISO TC 54 Essential oils ISO TC 55 Sawn timbers and sawlogs ISO TC 56 ISO TC 57 Metrology and properties of surfaces ISO TC 58 Gas cylinders ISO TC 59 Building construction ISO TC 60 Gears ISO TC 61 Plastics ISO TC 62 ISO TC 63 Glass containers ISO TC 64 ISO TC 65 Manganese and chromium ores ISO TC 66 ISO TC 67 Materials, equipment and offshore structures for petroleum and natural gas industries ISO TC 68 Banking and related financial services ISO TC 69 Applications of statistical methods ISO TC 70 Internal combustion engines ISO TC 71 Concrete, reinforced concrete and pre-stressed concrete ISO TC 72 Textile machinery and allied machinery and accessories ISO TC 73 ISO TC 74 Cement and lime ISO TC 75 ISO TC 76 Transfusion, infusion and injection equipment for medical use ISO TC 77 Products in fibre reinforced cement ISO TC 78 ISO TC 79 Light metals and their alloys ISO TC 80 ISO TC 81 Common names for pesticides and othe agrochemicals ISO TC 82 Mining ISO TC 83 Sports and recreational equipment ISO TC 84 Medical devices for injections ISO TC 85 Nuclear energy ISO TC 86 Refrigeration ISO TC 87 Cork ISO TC 88 ISO TC 89 Wood-based panels ISO TC 90 ISO TC 91 Surface active agents ISO TC 92 Fire tests on building materials, components and structures ISO TC 93 Starch (including derivatives and by-products) ISO TC 94 Personal safety -- protective clothing and equipment ISO TC 95 ISO TC 96 Cranes ISO TC 97 (ISO/IEC JTC 1) ISO TC 98 Bases for design of structures ISO TC 99 Semi-manufacturers of timber ISO TC 100 Chains and chain wheels for power transmission and conveyors ISO TC 101 Continuous mechanical handling equipment ISO TC 102 Iron ores ISO TC 103 ISO TC 104 Freight containers ISO TC 105 Steel wire ropes ISO TC 106 Dentistry ISO TC 107 Metallic and other inorganic coatings ISO TC 108 Mechanical vibration and shock ISO TC 109 ISO TC 110 Industrial trucks ISO TC 111 Round stell link chains, lifting hooks and accessories ISO TC 112 Vacuum technology ISO TC 113 Measurement of liquid flow in open channels ISO TC 114 Horology ISO TC 115 Pumps ISO TC 116 Space heating appliances ISO TC 117 Industrial fans ISO TC 118 Compressors, pneumatic tools and pneumatic machines ISO TC 119 Powder metallurgy ISO TC 120 Leather ISO TC 121 Anaesthetic and respiratory equipment ISO TC 122 Packagin ISO TC 123 Plain bearings ISO TC 124 ISO TC 125 ISO TC 126 Tobacco and tobacco products ISO TC 127 Earth-moving machinery ISO TC 128 ISO TC 129 Aluminium ores ISO TC 130 Graphic technology ISO TC 131 Fluid power systems ISO TC 132 Ferroalloys ISO TC 133 Sizing systems and designations for clothes ISO TC 134 Fertilizers and soil conditioners ISO TC 135 Non-destructive testing ISO TC 136 Furniture ISO TC 137 Sizing systems, designations and marking for boots and shoes ISO TC 138 Plastic pipes, fittings and valves for the transport of fluids ISO TC 139 ISO TC 140 ISO TC 141 ISO TC 142 ISO TC 143 ISO TC 144 ISO TC 145 Graphical symbols ISO TC 146 Air quality ISO TC 147 Water quality ISO TC 148 Sewing machines ISO TC 149 Cycles ISO TC 150 Implants for surgery ISO TC 151 ISO TC 152 ISO TC 153 Valves ISO TC 154 Documents and data elements in administration, commerce and industry ISO TC 155 Nickel and nickel alloys ISO TC 156 Corrosion of metals and alloys ISO TC 157 Mechanical contraceptives ISO TC 158 Analysis of gases ISO TC 159 Ergonomics ISO TC 160 Glass in building ISO TC 161 Control and safety devices for non-industrial gas-fired appliances and systems ISO TC 162 Doors and windows ISO TC 163 Thermal insulation ISO TC 164 Mechanical testing of metals ISO TC 165 Timber structures ISO TC 166 Ceramic ware, glassware and ware in contact with food ISO TC 167 Steel and aluminium structures ISO TC 168 Prosthetics and orthotics ISO TC 169 ISO TC 170 Surgical instruments ISO TC 171 Micrographics and optical memories for document and image recording, storage and use ISO TC 172 Optics and optical instruments ISO TC 173 Technical systems and aids for disabled or handicapped persons ISO TC 174 Jewellery ISO TC 175 Flourspar ISO TC 176 Quality management and quality assurance ISO TC 177 Caravans ISO TC 178 Lifts, escalators, passenger conveyors ISO TC 179 Masonry ISO TC 180 Solar energy ISO TC 181 Safety of toys ISO TC 182 Geotechnics ISO TC 183 Copper, lead and zinc ores and concentrates ISO TC 184 Industrial automation systems and integration ISO TC 185 Safety devices for protection against excessive pressure ISO TC 186 Cutlery and table and decorative metal hollow-ware ISO TC 187 Colour notations ISO TC 188 Small craft ISO TC 189 Ceramic tile ISO TC 190 Soil quality ISO TC 191 Human animal (mammal) traps ISO TC 192 Gas turbines ISO TC 193 Natural gas ISO TC 194 Biological evaluation of medical devices ISO TC 195 Building construction machinery and equipment ISO TC 196 Natural stone ISO TC 197 Hydrogren energy technologies ISO TC 198 Sterilization of health care products ISO TC 199 Safety of machinery ISO TC 200 Solid waste ISO TC 201 Surface chemical analysis ISO TC 202 Microbeam analysis ISO TC 203 Technical energy systems ISO TC 204 Road transport informatics ISO TC 205 Building environmental design ISO TC 206 Fine ceramics ISO TC 207 Environmental management ISO TC 208 Thermal turbines for industrial application (steam turbines, gas expansion turbines) ISO TC 209 Cleanroom and associated controlled environments References ---------- Carl F. Cargill Information Technology Standardization Theory, Process, and Organizations 1989 DEC Digital Press ISBN 1-55558-022-X The book gives a good survey of standardization in the realm of information technology. Taylor, Dave Global Software Springer-Verlag, 1992 ISBN: 0-387-97706-6 / 3-540-99706-6 Might prove quite helpful for people trying to understand the complexities of internationalization for the first time and explains also international and de-facto standards in this area. StandardView This is an ACM publication about computer related standardization issues. The editor-in-chief's address is Carl Cargill, Sun Microsystems, 2550 Garcia Avenue, MTV01-05, Mountain View, CA 94043, email . I wish to thank the following people and others for their contributions to this text (and the osi-protocols FAQ): David Gay Kit Lueder Don Provan David Torr See-Mong Tan Harald Tveit Alvestrand Kerry Raymond Alasdair Grant Lakshmoji Rao John A. Shriver Ketil Albertsen K.C. Chan Alex McKenzie John Levine Peter Desnoyers Keld Simonsen Bancroft Scott Bill Stallings <72500.3562@CompuServe.COM> Jutta Degener Norbert Gerfelder Kristy Brown Uwe Kunzler Sandeep Phadke James W. Reese Inge A. Suhr Ed Ravin Simon Spero Chris Johnson Bob Goudreau Robert Corbett Dave Taylor Tim Moors Michael Welser Mark Brader Arthur Marsh Matthias Krippendorf Gary Brown Christoph Badura Brad Smith John Williams Kees Pronk Jan Schipmolder Tahir Kapetanovic Reto Beeler Rudolf Roth Robert Shaw Martin "J." Duerst Eberhard Wegner Vasilii Zakharov Fritz Whittington Dave Crocker Ed Reeder James Do Erik Naggum Graham Wheeler [End of Standards FAQ] -- Markus Kuhn, Computer Science student -- University of Erlangen, Internet Mail: - Germany WWW Home: